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MBBS > 205 NS - Anatomy > Flashcards

205 NS - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with the superior salivatory nucleus?

A

Facial nerve

  • The superior salivatory nucleus recieves pre-ganglionic fibres from the greater petrosal nerve, a branch of the facial nerve.
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2
Q

What are the 3 components of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

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3
Q

Which CN are purely motor?

A

III, IV, VI, XI, XII

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4
Q

Which CN are purely sensory?

A

I, II, VIII

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5
Q

Which structure passes through Foramen Rotundum?

A

V2

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6
Q

Which structure passes through Foramen Lacerum?

A

Internal Carotid Artery

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7
Q

Which arteries make up the Circle of Willis?

A 
Anterior communicating artery
Internal carotid artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
Posterior cerebral artery
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8
Q

What forms the basal ganglia?

A

Striatum
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus

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9
Q

What is the relationship of the right thalamus to neighboring structures?

A

Anterior - interventricular foramen/anterior horn of lateral ventricles
Medially - body of right lateral ventricles
Inferiorly - hypothalamus
Laterally - posterior horn of the internal capsule

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10
Q

What are the main cerebellar fissures?

A

Primary fissure
Horizontal fissure
Posterolateral fissure

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11
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges from the dorsum of the brainstem?

A

IV - trochlear

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12
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the internal auditory meatus?

A

VII, VIII

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13
Q

List the lobes of the brain and their major function.

A

Frontal - voluntary movement/motor cortex
Parietal - somatosensory cortex
Temporal - auditory & limbic system
Occipital - visual cortex

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14
Q

A patient is seen in ED following a blow to the side of the head. CT demonstrates a fracture at the site of the pterion and a haematoma between the skull and dura mater. Which vessel is the most likely source of the bleeding?

A

Middle meningeal artery

  • A fracture of the pterion can damage the middle meningeal artery. Blood may collect between the skull and underlying dura mater - forming an extradural haematoma.
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15
Q

Complete the sentence: The frontal fontanelle represents the junction of the ____________ and ___________ sutures

A

Coronal and sagittal

  • There are two fontanelles in the neonate: frontal (junction of coronal and sagittal sutures) and occipital (junction of sagittal and lambdoid sutures).
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16
Q

Which muscles originates from the lower part of the squamous bone?

A

Temporalis

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17
Q

Which structure lies in the hypophyseal fossa (sella turcica)?

A

Pituitary gland

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18
Q

The foramen spinosum conducts the middle meningeal vessels. Where in the sphenoid bone is it found?

A

Greater wing

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19
Q

The ethmoid air cells are contained within which component of the ethmoid bone?

A

Ethmoidal labyrinths

  • The ethmoid bone contains two ethmoidal labyrinths, which contain the ethmoid air cells.
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20
Q

The perpendicular plate forms what part of the nasal septum?

A

Superior 2/3

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21
Q

The alveolar border refers to which border of the mandibular body?

A

Superior

  • The alveolar border refers to the superior border of the mandibular body. It contains 16 sockets to hold the lower teeth.
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22
Q

Which foramen is located on the body of the mandible?

A

Mental foramen

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23
Q

Which nerve passes through the mandibular foramen (of the mandible)?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve

  • When leaves the foramen, it becomes the mental nerve.
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24
Q

Which cranial nerves provides sensory innervation to the dura mater?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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25
Q

Where does blood accumulate in an extradural haematoma?

A

Between the skull and periosteal layer of the dura mater

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26
Q

What is contained within the sub-arachnoid space?

A

CSF

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27
Q

Which vertebral level marks the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?

A

C4 - thyroid cartilage (upper border)

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28
Q

The vertebral arteries arise from which artery?

A

Subclavian

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29
Q

At which vertebral level does the spinal cord become the conus medullaris?

A

L2

  • the spinal cord tapers off, forming the conus medullaris.
30
Q

Which layer of the meninges is continuous with the epineurium?

A

Dura

  • As the spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal, they pierce the dura mater, temporarily passing in the epidural space. In doing so, the dura mater surrounds the nerve root
31
Q

What is the name given to the thickenings of the pia mater?

A

Denticulate ligaments

32
Q

Which structure separates the caudate nucleus from the putamen?

A

Internal capsule

  • Descending white matter fibres, known as the internal capsule, separate the caudate nucleus from the putamen.
33
Q

From which structure is the cerebrum embryonically derived?

A

Prosencephalon

34
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for personality?

A

Frontal lobe

  • for personality, higher intellect, mood, social conduct, and language
35
Q

Which arteries supply the most lateral portions of the cerebrum?

A

Middle cerebral arteries

36
Q

Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway (DCML)

Ascending tract

A

Carries the sensory modalities of fine touch (tactile sensation), vibration and proprioception.

From UL (≥ T6) - fasciculus cuneatus (lateral part of dorsal column) > synapse in nucleus cuneatus of medulla oblongata
> cross > thalamus
> ipsilateral primary sensory cortex

From LL (< T6) - fasciculus gracilis (medial part of dorsal column > synapse in nuclues gracilis of medulla oblongata
> cross > thalamus
> ipsilateral primary sensory cortex

37
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract (Ascending tract)

A

Carries the sensory modalities of crude touch and pressure

Sensory receptors from periphery > enter spinal cord > synapse at tip of dorsal horn - substantial gelatinosa
> cross > thalamus > anterior spinothalamic tract
> ipsilateral primary sensory cortex

38
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract (Ascending tract)

A

Carries the sensory modalities of pain and temperature.

Sensory receptors from periphery > enter spinal cord > synapse at tip of dorsal horn - substantial gelatinosa
> cross > thalamus > lateral spinothalamic tract
> ipsilateral primary sensory cortex

39
Q

Reticulospinal tract (Descending tract)

A

Medial reticulospinal tract arises from the pons - facilitates voluntary movements, and increases muscle tone.

Lateral reticulospinal tract arises from the medulla - inhibits voluntary movements, and reduces muscle tone.

40
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts (Ascending tracts)

A

Transmit unconscious proprioceptive info, from muscles to the cerebellum

41
Q

Coronal suture

A

Separates frontal bone from parietal bone posteriorly; has 2 parts

42
Q

Sagittal suture

A

Separates 2 parietal bones on R & L

43
Q

Lamboid suture

A

Separates parietal from occipital bone; has 2 parts

44
Q

Squamous suture

A

Separates temporal bone (below) from parietal bones (above)

45
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the pons of the brainstem?

A

Trigeminal

  • The trigeminal nerve arises from the pons. The trochlear nerve emerges from the midbrain, whilst the vagus and hypoglossal nerves both arise from the medulla.
46
Q

Which muscles receive somatic motor innervation from the accessory nerve?

A

Sternocleidomastoid & trapezius

47
Q

Which sensory modalities is transmitted by the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway?

A

Touch (tactile sensation), vibration and proprioception.

48
Q

Which tracts carry unconscious proprioceptive information?

A

Spinocerebellar tracts

49
Q

Complete the sentence: The third order neurones of the DCML ascend from the ___________ and synapse in the sensory cortex

A

Thalamus

  • The 3rd order neurones of the DCML ascend from the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, travel through the internal capsule and terminate at the sensory cortex.
50
Q

Posterior spinocerebellar tract

A

Carries proprioceptive information from the lower limbs to the ipsilateral cerebellum.

51
Q

Cuneocerebellar tract

A

Carries proprioceptive information from the upper limbs to the ipsilateral cerebellum.

52
Q

Anterior spinocerebellar tract

A

Carries proprioceptive information from the lower limbs. The fibres decussate twice – and so terminate in the ipsilateral cerebellum.

53
Q

Rostral spinocerebellar tract

A

Carries proprioceptive information from the upper limbs to the ipsilateral cerebellum.

54
Q

What are the 3 meninges layer from superficial to deep?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

55
Q

What are the functional divisions of cerebellum?

A

Cerebrocerebellum - planning movements & motor learning
Spinocerebellum - regulating body movements by allowing for error correction
Vestibulocerebellum - controlling balance & ocular reflexes

56
Q

What are the 3 zones of cerebellum?

A
  1. Vermis – midline of cerebellum
  2. Intermediate zone – either side of vermis
  3. Lateral hemispheres – lateral to intermediate zone
57
Q

What are the 3 lobes & 2 fissures of cerebellum?

A

3 main lobes:

  1. Anterior lobe
  2. Posterior lobe
  3. Flocculonodular lobe

2 fissures:

  1. Primary fissure – separate anterior and posterior
  2. Posterolateral fissure – separate posterior and flocculonodular
58
Q

What supplies the basal ganglia?

A

Middle cerebral artery - mainly lenticulostriate artery

59
Q

Which functional division of cerebellum is responsible for balance?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

60
Q

What structure separates the cerebellum from the occipital and temporal lobes?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

  • The tentorium cerebella is a tough layer of dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the occipital and temporal lobes
61
Q

From which structure is the cerebellum embryonically derived?

A

Metencephalon

62
Q

What are the medial pathways that control axial & proximal involved in maintaining posture?
(Descending pathways)

A

Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract
Medial & lateral vestibulospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract

63
Q

Corticospinal Tract

Descending tract

A

Supplies the musculature of the body.

Precentral gyrus → pass corona radiata & posterior limb of internal capsule → form medullary pyramids

Cross at medullary pyramids → lateral corticospinal - limbs
Cross at spinal cord → ventral corticospinal - trunk, neck, shoulders

64
Q

Rubrospinal Tract

Descending tract

A

Facilitate flexor, inhibit extensor

Red nucleus → crossover → descend through pons & medulla → lateral along with lateral corticospinal tract

65
Q

Vestibulospinal Tract

Descending tract

A

Controls body balance, by extension of UL & head

Medial - controls neck musculature
Medial & inferior vestibular nuclei → project bilaterally to cervical spinal neurons

Lateral
Lateral vestibular nuclei → projects ipsilaterally to all spinal levels

66
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Masseter
Temporalis

67
Q

What are the lateral pathways that control distal muscles involved in fine movements?
(Descending pathways)

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

Rubrospinal tract

68
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract carries ______ sensations;

Lateral spinothalamic tract carries ______ sensations

A

crude touch and pressure; pain and temperature

69
Q

Which structure is located medial to the cavernous sinus?

A

Pituitary gland

  • The cavernous sinuses are located within the middle cranial fossa, on either side of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone - which contains the pituitary gland.
70
Q

Which layer of connective tissue surrounds the cavernous sinus?

A

Dura mater

71
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus & its borders?

A

Either side of sella turcica (where pituitary gland sits)

72
Q

What passes through the cavernous sinus?

A

O TOM CAT

Lateral wall of cavernous sinus:

  • Oculomotor nerve
  • Trochlear nerve
  • Ophthalmic branch
  • Maxillary branch

Through cavernous sinus:

  • internal Carotid artery
  • Abducens nerve

MBBS (28 decks)

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