205 NS - Anatomy Flashcards
Which cranial nerve is associated with the superior salivatory nucleus?
Facial nerve
- The superior salivatory nucleus recieves pre-ganglionic fibres from the greater petrosal nerve, a branch of the facial nerve.
What are the 3 components of the brainstem?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
Which CN are purely motor?
III, IV, VI, XI, XII
Which CN are purely sensory?
I, II, VIII
Which structure passes through Foramen Rotundum?
V2
Which structure passes through Foramen Lacerum?
Internal Carotid Artery
Which arteries make up the Circle of Willis?
Anterior communicating artery Internal carotid artery Middle cerebral artery Posterior communicating artery Posterior cerebral artery
What forms the basal ganglia?
Striatum
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus
What is the relationship of the right thalamus to neighboring structures?
Anterior - interventricular foramen/anterior horn of lateral ventricles
Medially - body of right lateral ventricles
Inferiorly - hypothalamus
Laterally - posterior horn of the internal capsule
What are the main cerebellar fissures?
Primary fissure
Horizontal fissure
Posterolateral fissure
Which cranial nerve emerges from the dorsum of the brainstem?
IV - trochlear
Which cranial nerves pass through the internal auditory meatus?
VII, VIII
List the lobes of the brain and their major function.
Frontal - voluntary movement/motor cortex
Parietal - somatosensory cortex
Temporal - auditory & limbic system
Occipital - visual cortex
A patient is seen in ED following a blow to the side of the head. CT demonstrates a fracture at the site of the pterion and a haematoma between the skull and dura mater. Which vessel is the most likely source of the bleeding?
Middle meningeal artery
- A fracture of the pterion can damage the middle meningeal artery. Blood may collect between the skull and underlying dura mater - forming an extradural haematoma.
Complete the sentence: The frontal fontanelle represents the junction of the ____________ and ___________ sutures
Coronal and sagittal
- There are two fontanelles in the neonate: frontal (junction of coronal and sagittal sutures) and occipital (junction of sagittal and lambdoid sutures).
Which muscles originates from the lower part of the squamous bone?
Temporalis
Which structure lies in the hypophyseal fossa (sella turcica)?
Pituitary gland
The foramen spinosum conducts the middle meningeal vessels. Where in the sphenoid bone is it found?
Greater wing
The ethmoid air cells are contained within which component of the ethmoid bone?
Ethmoidal labyrinths
- The ethmoid bone contains two ethmoidal labyrinths, which contain the ethmoid air cells.
The perpendicular plate forms what part of the nasal septum?
Superior 2/3
The alveolar border refers to which border of the mandibular body?
Superior
- The alveolar border refers to the superior border of the mandibular body. It contains 16 sockets to hold the lower teeth.
Which foramen is located on the body of the mandible?
Mental foramen
Which nerve passes through the mandibular foramen (of the mandible)?
Inferior alveolar nerve
- When leaves the foramen, it becomes the mental nerve.
Which cranial nerves provides sensory innervation to the dura mater?
Trigeminal nerve
Where does blood accumulate in an extradural haematoma?
Between the skull and periosteal layer of the dura mater
What is contained within the sub-arachnoid space?
CSF
Which vertebral level marks the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?
C4 - thyroid cartilage (upper border)
The vertebral arteries arise from which artery?
Subclavian
At which vertebral level does the spinal cord become the conus medullaris?
L2
- the spinal cord tapers off, forming the conus medullaris.
Which layer of the meninges is continuous with the epineurium?
Dura
- As the spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal, they pierce the dura mater, temporarily passing in the epidural space. In doing so, the dura mater surrounds the nerve root
What is the name given to the thickenings of the pia mater?
Denticulate ligaments
Which structure separates the caudate nucleus from the putamen?
Internal capsule
- Descending white matter fibres, known as the internal capsule, separate the caudate nucleus from the putamen.
From which structure is the cerebrum embryonically derived?
Prosencephalon
Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for personality?
Frontal lobe
- for personality, higher intellect, mood, social conduct, and language
Which arteries supply the most lateral portions of the cerebrum?
Middle cerebral arteries
Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway (DCML)
Ascending tract
Carries the sensory modalities of fine touch (tactile sensation), vibration and proprioception.
From UL (≥ T6) - fasciculus cuneatus (lateral part of dorsal column) > synapse in nucleus cuneatus of medulla oblongata
> cross > thalamus
> ipsilateral primary sensory cortex
From LL (< T6) - fasciculus gracilis (medial part of dorsal column > synapse in nuclues gracilis of medulla oblongata
> cross > thalamus
> ipsilateral primary sensory cortex
Anterior spinothalamic tract (Ascending tract)
Carries the sensory modalities of crude touch and pressure
Sensory receptors from periphery > enter spinal cord > synapse at tip of dorsal horn - substantial gelatinosa
> cross > thalamus > anterior spinothalamic tract
> ipsilateral primary sensory cortex
Lateral spinothalamic tract (Ascending tract)
Carries the sensory modalities of pain and temperature.
Sensory receptors from periphery > enter spinal cord > synapse at tip of dorsal horn - substantial gelatinosa
> cross > thalamus > lateral spinothalamic tract
> ipsilateral primary sensory cortex
Reticulospinal tract (Descending tract)
Medial reticulospinal tract arises from the pons - facilitates voluntary movements, and increases muscle tone.
Lateral reticulospinal tract arises from the medulla - inhibits voluntary movements, and reduces muscle tone.
Spinocerebellar tracts (Ascending tracts)
Transmit unconscious proprioceptive info, from muscles to the cerebellum
Coronal suture
Separates frontal bone from parietal bone posteriorly; has 2 parts
Sagittal suture
Separates 2 parietal bones on R & L
Lamboid suture
Separates parietal from occipital bone; has 2 parts
Squamous suture
Separates temporal bone (below) from parietal bones (above)
Which cranial nerves arise from the pons of the brainstem?
Trigeminal
- The trigeminal nerve arises from the pons. The trochlear nerve emerges from the midbrain, whilst the vagus and hypoglossal nerves both arise from the medulla.
Which muscles receive somatic motor innervation from the accessory nerve?
Sternocleidomastoid & trapezius
Which sensory modalities is transmitted by the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway?
Touch (tactile sensation), vibration and proprioception.
Which tracts carry unconscious proprioceptive information?
Spinocerebellar tracts
Complete the sentence: The third order neurones of the DCML ascend from the ___________ and synapse in the sensory cortex
Thalamus
- The 3rd order neurones of the DCML ascend from the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, travel through the internal capsule and terminate at the sensory cortex.
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Carries proprioceptive information from the lower limbs to the ipsilateral cerebellum.
Cuneocerebellar tract
Carries proprioceptive information from the upper limbs to the ipsilateral cerebellum.
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Carries proprioceptive information from the lower limbs. The fibres decussate twice – and so terminate in the ipsilateral cerebellum.
Rostral spinocerebellar tract
Carries proprioceptive information from the upper limbs to the ipsilateral cerebellum.
What are the 3 meninges layer from superficial to deep?
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
What are the functional divisions of cerebellum?
Cerebrocerebellum - planning movements & motor learning
Spinocerebellum - regulating body movements by allowing for error correction
Vestibulocerebellum - controlling balance & ocular reflexes
What are the 3 zones of cerebellum?
- Vermis – midline of cerebellum
- Intermediate zone – either side of vermis
- Lateral hemispheres – lateral to intermediate zone
What are the 3 lobes & 2 fissures of cerebellum?
3 main lobes:
- Anterior lobe
- Posterior lobe
- Flocculonodular lobe
2 fissures:
- Primary fissure – separate anterior and posterior
- Posterolateral fissure – separate posterior and flocculonodular
What supplies the basal ganglia?
Middle cerebral artery - mainly lenticulostriate artery
Which functional division of cerebellum is responsible for balance?
Vestibulocerebellum
What structure separates the cerebellum from the occipital and temporal lobes?
Tentorium cerebelli
- The tentorium cerebella is a tough layer of dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the occipital and temporal lobes
From which structure is the cerebellum embryonically derived?
Metencephalon
What are the medial pathways that control axial & proximal involved in maintaining posture?
(Descending pathways)
Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract
Medial & lateral vestibulospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Corticospinal Tract
Descending tract
Supplies the musculature of the body.
Precentral gyrus → pass corona radiata & posterior limb of internal capsule → form medullary pyramids
Cross at medullary pyramids → lateral corticospinal - limbs
Cross at spinal cord → ventral corticospinal - trunk, neck, shoulders
Rubrospinal Tract
Descending tract
Facilitate flexor, inhibit extensor
Red nucleus → crossover → descend through pons & medulla → lateral along with lateral corticospinal tract
Vestibulospinal Tract
Descending tract
Controls body balance, by extension of UL & head
Medial - controls neck musculature
Medial & inferior vestibular nuclei → project bilaterally to cervical spinal neurons
Lateral
Lateral vestibular nuclei → projects ipsilaterally to all spinal levels
What are the muscles of mastication?
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Masseter
Temporalis
What are the lateral pathways that control distal muscles involved in fine movements?
(Descending pathways)
Lateral corticospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
Anterior spinothalamic tract carries ______ sensations;
Lateral spinothalamic tract carries ______ sensations
crude touch and pressure; pain and temperature
Which structure is located medial to the cavernous sinus?
Pituitary gland
- The cavernous sinuses are located within the middle cranial fossa, on either side of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone - which contains the pituitary gland.
Which layer of connective tissue surrounds the cavernous sinus?
Dura mater
Where is the cavernous sinus & its borders?
Either side of sella turcica (where pituitary gland sits)
What passes through the cavernous sinus?
O TOM CAT
Lateral wall of cavernous sinus:
- Oculomotor nerve
- Trochlear nerve
- Ophthalmic branch
- Maxillary branch
Through cavernous sinus:
- internal Carotid artery
- Abducens nerve
