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MBBS > 202 ES - Anatomy > Flashcards

202 ES - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which structure is located inferiorly to the pituitary gland?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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2
Q

What structure can become compressed in a pituitary adenoma, leading to problems with vision?

A

Optic chiasm

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3
Q

What part of the anterior pituitary gland is mainly responsible for hormone secretion?

A

Pars anterior

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4
Q

Anatomical relations of the pituitary gland

A 
Anteriorly – sphenoid sinus 
Posteriorly – dorsum sellae
Superiorly – optic chiasm
Inferiorly – sphenoid sinus
Laterally – cavernous sinus
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5
Q

Function of pituitary gland

A

Secretes hormones that control the actions of other endocrine organs and various tissues around the body

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6
Q

3 parts of adenohypophysis

A

Pars anterior
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis

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7
Q

Which 2 hormones does the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of pituitary gland) secrete?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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8
Q

What supplies the anterior pituitary?

A

Superior hypophyseal artery

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9
Q

What supplies the posterior pituitary?

A

Superior hypophyseal artery
Infundibular artery
Inferior hypophyseal artery.

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10
Q

The superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins are responsible for the venous drainage of the thyroid gland. Where does the inferior thyroid vein empty into?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

  • The inferior thyroid vein empties into the brachiocephalic vein. The superior and middle thyroid veins drain into the internal jugular vein.
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11
Q

Which embryological remnant might explain a central neck lump which ascends on tongue protrusion?

A

Thyroglossal cyst

  • A thyroglossal cyst arises from a failure of the thyroglossal duct to regress during development. It typically presents as a midline lump in the anterior neck which rises on tongue protrusion.
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12
Q

During a thyroidectomy, the inferior thyroid artery is identified and ligated. Which vessel directly gives rise to the inferior thyroid artery?

A

Thyrocervical trunk

  • The inferior thyroid artery arises from the thyrocervical trunk, which is branch of the subclavian artery
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13
Q

A child in seen in primary care with midline neck lump. A thyroglossal cyst is suspected. What is the role of thyroglossal duct in development?

A

Marks the decent of the thyroid gland into the neck

  • The descent of the developing thyroid gland forms the thyroglossal duct – an epithelialised tract that connects the gland to its origin at the foramen cecum.
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14
Q

Function of the thyroid gland

A

Regulating metabolic rate of the body

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15
Q

Where does thyroid gland span?

A

C5-T1 vertebrae

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16
Q

Anatomical relations of thyroid gland

A

Anteriorly – infrahyoid muscles (sternothyroid, superior belly of the omohyoid & sternohyoid)

Laterally – carotid sheath, containing the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve

Medially –
Organs – larynx, pharynx, trachea and esophagus;
Nerves – external laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal

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17
Q

Which 2 arteries supply the thyroid gland?

A

Superior thyroid artery (1st branch of external carotid artery)
Inferior thyroid artery (arises from thyrocervical trunk - branch of subclavian artery)

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18
Q

Venous drainage of thyroid gland

A

Superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins - form a venous plexus around the thyroid gland.

Superior & middle veins → internal jugular vein
Inferior → brachiocephalic vein

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19
Q

Innervation of thyroid gland

A

Branches of sympathetic trunk

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20
Q

What controls the secretory function of thyroid gland?

A

Regulated by pituitary gland

21
Q

Lymphatic drainage of thyroid gland

A

To the paratracheal & deep cervical nodes

22
Q

Embryological origin of anterior pituitary gland

A

Rathke’s pouch

23
Q

Embryological origin of pituitary stalk & posterior pituitary gland

A

Infundibulum

24
Q

Isthmus

A

Connects the 2 lateral lobe of thyroid gland

Crosses trachea just below cricoid cartilage

25
Q

A surgeon is performing a minimally invasive parathyroidectomy for primary hypercalcaemia. Which surface of the thryoid are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Posterior

26
Q

Which embryological structure gives rise to the superior parathyroid glands?

A

4th pharyngeal pouch

27
Q

What is the main arterial supply to the parathyroid glands?

A

Inferior thyroid artery

28
Q

Venous drainage of parathyroid gland

A

Superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins

29
Q

Lymphatic drainage of parathyroid gland

A

Drain to paratracheal & deep cervical nodes

30
Q

Shape of right adrenal gland

A

Pyramidal

31
Q

Shape of left adrenal gland

A

Semi-lunar

32
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the adrenal cortex?

A

Mesoderm

  • The adrenal cortex is derived from mesoderm. The medulla is derived from neural crest cells.
33
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

Posterior abdomen

between superomedial kidney & diaphragm

34
Q

Relations of right adrenal gland

A

Anterior - IVC, right lobe of liver

Posterior - right crus of diaphragm

35
Q

Relations of the left adrenal gland

A

Anterior - stomach, pancreas, spleen

Posterior - left crus of diaphragm

36
Q

Which 2 hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Corticosteroids

Androgens

37
Q

3 functional regions of adrenal cortex (superficial to deep)

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

38
Q

Function of zona glomerulosa (adrenal gland)

A

Produce & secretes mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

39
Q

Function of zona fasciculata (adrenal gland)

A

Produce & secretes corticosteroids - cortisol

40
Q

Function of zona reticularis (adrenal gland)

A

Produce & secretes androgens - DHEA

41
Q

What cells does adrenal medulla contain?

A

Chromaffin cells

42
Q

Function of chromaffin cells

A

Secrete catecholamines (adrenaline) in response to stress

43
Q

Catecholamines have a role in ______ response

A

fight-or-flight

44
Q

Which 3 arteries supply the adrenal gland?

A

Superior, middle, inferior adrenal artery

45
Q

Venous drainage of the adrenal gland

A

Right adrenal vein → IVC

Left adrenal vein → left renal vein

46
Q

Innervation of the adrenal gland

A

Coeliac plexus

Greater splanchnic nerves

47
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the adrenal gland

A

Myelinated pre-synaptic fibres from T10 to L1

48
Q

Lymphatic drainage of adrenal glands

A

Lumbar lymph nodes via adrenal lymphatic vessels

MBBS (28 decks)

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