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MBBS > 202 ES - Histology > Flashcards

202 ES - Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

A

Steroids
Small peptides, polypeptides & proteins
Amino acids & arachidonic acid analogs & derivatives

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2
Q

3 modes of hormonal action

A

Endocrine control
Paracrine control
Autocrine control

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3
Q

Endocrine control

A

A cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream

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4
Q

Paracrine control

A

A cell targets nearby cell

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5
Q

Autocrine control

A

A cell targets itself

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6
Q

Mechanism of hormone action on cell surface receptors

A

Interact with hormones of catecholamines: second messengers

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7
Q

Mechanism of hormone action on intracellular receptors

A

Steroids & thyroid hormones: receptors are in nucleus, bind to DNA & affect gene expression

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8
Q

General functions of endocrine system

A 
Secretes hormones
Communicate w peripheral cells & organs to maintain homeostasis & regulate development and growth
Metabolic rate
Blood calcium level
"fight or flight"
Reproductive function
Water reabsorption
Milk secretion
Social bonding
Love
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9
Q

Endocrine glands & hormonal target tissues (4)

A
  1. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal (pituitary gland)
  2. Hypothalamus-pituitary gland-adrenal glands
  3. Hypothalamus-pituitary gland-thyroid & parathyroid glands; pancreas & pineal gland
  4. Hypothalamus-pituitary gland-gonads (ovary & testis)
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10
Q

Median eminence

A

Region of hypothalamus, where hormones are relased

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11
Q

Infundibulum

A

Pituitary stalk, infundibular stalk

Tube connecting hypothalamus to pituitary

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12
Q

3 parts of adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)

A

Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia

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13
Q

4 parts of neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of pituitary gland)

A

Pars nervosa
Infundibulum
Median eminence
Infundibular stem

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14
Q

2 types of cells found in pars distalis

A

Chromophils (further divided into acidophil & basophil)

Chromophobes

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15
Q

What does acidophil secrete?

A

Prolactin (lactogenic hormone)

GH (growth hormone)

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16
Q

What does basophil secrete?

A

LH & FSH
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
ACTH

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17
Q

What are chromophobes?

A

Minimal or no hormonal content

May be acidophils or basophils that have degranulated and thereby are depleted of hormone

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18
Q

Releasing hormones of hypothalamus

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

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19
Q

Inhibiting hormones of hypothalamus

A

Somatostatin

Dopamine

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20
Q

Deficiency of vasopressin or loss of vasopressin (ADH) action results in?

A

Diabetes insipidus

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21
Q

Which hormone controls water resorption in collecting ducts in kidney?

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

↑ ADH ↑ water reabsorption

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22
Q

ADH pathway in water resorption

A

Hypothalamus produce ADH → stored in posterior lobe of pituitary gland → excreted to circulation → water reabsorption from distal and collecting tubules → urine is concentrated

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23
Q

Oxytocin pathway of milk ejection

A

Positive feedback:
Oxytocin produces in hypothalamus → stored in posterior pituitary → released to mammary gland
→ baby sucks on nipples → stimulate sensory receptors around nipple → reaches hypothalamus & more oxytocin released

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24
Q

Where is adrenal cortex derived from?

A

Mesodermal epithelium

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25
Q

Blood supply of adrenal glands

A

Superior suprarenal arteries
Middle suprarenal arteries
Inferior suprarenal arteries

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26
Q

Zona glomerulosa secretions & function

A

Mineralocorticoids: aldosterone, deoxycortocosterone

Function: fluid & ekectrolyte balance

27
Q

Zona fasiculata & zona reticularis secretion & function

A

Gluococorticoids: cortisone, cortisol, corticosterone

Function:

  • metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins & fats
  • anti-inflammatory & anti-immune
28
Q

Adrenal medulla secretion

A

Catecholamine

29
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA axis) function

A

Regulate the stress response

30
Q

How does Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis work?

A

Stress
→ hypothalamus release corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
→ CRH signals the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to the bloodstream
→ ACTH reaches adrenal glands
→ release cortisol from the adrenal cortex

31
Q

Function of cortisol

A

Increased cortisol, increased availability of glucose for “fight or flight”

Cortisol will negatively feedback to inhibit both the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland → shutting off the stress response

32
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

A tumor that produces excessive amounts of catecholamine

33
Q

Function of thyroid gland

A

To store & release thyroid hormone (TH) - regulates mitochondrial biogenesis & metabolic rate

34
Q

2 types of cell found in parenchyma of thyroid gland

A 
Follicular cells (principle cells)
Parafollicular cells (C cells)
35
Q

Function of follicular cells (principle cells)

A

Produce T3 & T4

36
Q

Function of parafollicular cells (C cells)

A

Secrete calcitonin - lowers blood calcium

37
Q

Thyroxine (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3) function

A

Regulate cell and tissue basal metabolism and heat production and influence body growth and development.

38
Q

T3 & T4 regulation

A

Regulated by TSH released from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

39
Q

How does calcitonin lower blood calcium level?

A

Suppressing resorptive action of osteoclasts and promotes calcium deposition in bones by increasing the rate of osteoid calcification.

40
Q

Goiter

A

Chronic enlargement of thyroid

41
Q

Colloid goiter (endemic goiter)

A

Iodine-deficiency goiter

42
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Autoimmune thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism
→ stimulate release of excessive amounts of TSH → hypertrophy of the thyroid

43
Q

Exophthalmic goiter (Graves’s disease)

A

Hyperthyroidism

Abnormal IgG bind to TSH receptors → increase thyroid secretion

44
Q

High TSH levels

A

Hypothyroidism

Not enough thyroid hormones

45
Q

Low TSH levels

A

Hyperthyroidism

Too much thyroid hormones

46
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Pop-eyed

Seen in exophthalmic goiter (Graves’s disease)

47
Q

2 types of cells in parathyroid gland

A

Principal (chief) cells

Oxyphil cells

48
Q

Principal (chief) cells

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) - regulated by blood calcium levels

49
Q

Oxyphil cells

A

Not known to have a secretory role

Mitochondria almost fill the cell

50
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) function

A

Stimulates bone resorption

Increase blood calcium level

51
Q

Calcium homeostasis is regulated by?

A

PTH & calcitonin

52
Q

Calcitonin

A

Inhibits bone resorption

53
Q

Bone resorption

A

Osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals → transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood

54
Q

2 types of cells in pineal glands

A

Pinealocytes (chief cells)

Interstitial (glial) cells

55
Q

Pineal gland function

A

Produces melatonin that controls the circadian rhythms

Reproductive function by inhibiting steroidogenic activity of gonads

56
Q

Calcified concretions in pineal glands

A

Corpora arenacea

aka. Brain sand

57
Q

Endocrine pancreas function

A

Regulate blood glucose level w insulin & glucagon

58
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Pancreatic cells secreting insulin & glucagon

59
Q

5 cell types of pancreas & their secretion

A 
A (alpha) cells - glucagon
B (beta) - insulin
D (delta) - somatostatin
PP (pancreatic polypeptide) cell - PP
Epsilon cell - ghrelin
60
Q

How are the A cells & B cells arranged in the pancreatic islet?

A

B cells are in the core

A cells are the surronding

61
Q

What cells are found in the ovary? & their secretion?

A

Follicular & theca cells

Secrete estrogen

62
Q

What cells are found in the testis? & their secretion?

A

Interstitial cell of Leydig

Testosterone

63
Q

Which type of DM has a higher genetic linkage?

A

Type 2

64
Q

Metabolic Consequences of DM

A

Insulin production, secretion, action defect in DM
Hyperglycemia
Dyslipidemia

MBBS (28 decks)

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