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MBBS > 203 UG - Anatomy > Flashcards

203 UG - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of urinary system

A
  1. Removal of metabolic waste products such as uric acid, urea, and creatinine.
  2. Maintain electrolyte, water & pH balance.
  3. Regulation of blood pressure, blood volume and erythropoiesis, and vitamin D production.
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2
Q

In the embryo, what is the first kidney system to develop?

A

Pronephros

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3
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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4
Q

What are the 3 phases of kidney development?

A

Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros

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5
Q

Where’s the kidney derived from?

A

Urogenital ridge

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6
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

2 developing kidneys fuse into a single horseshoe-shaped structure

  • occurs if the kidneys become too close together during their ascent from the pelvis to the abdomen – they become fused and consequently ‘stuck’ underneath the inferior mesenteric artery
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7
Q

Where is the bladder & urethra derived from?

A

Cloaca

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8
Q

What are the 2 parts that cloaca is divided into by uro-rectal septum?

A

Urogenital sinus

Anal canal

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9
Q

A woman presents to her GP with an infected Bartholin’s cyst. Which lymph node group is most likely to undergo reactive lymphadenopathy?

A

Superficial inguinal

  • The lymphatic drainage of the vulva is to the superficial inguinal nodes - these are most likely to enlarge in response to infection.
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10
Q

Which vulval structure is embryologically derived from the urethral folds?

A

Labia minora

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11
Q

Which structure of the vulva is formed by the fusion of the labia majora anteriorly?

A

Mons pubis

  • The mons pubis is a subcutaneous fat pad located anterior to the pubic symphysis. It formed by the fusion of the labia majora.

陰阜（人體性器官之上覆蓋盆骨的部位）

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12
Q

3 functions of the vulva

A
  1. Acts as sensory tissue during sexual intercourse
  2. Assists in micturition by directing the flow of urine
  3. Protects the internal female reproductive tract from infection.
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13
Q

Structures of the Vulva (6)

A 
Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Vestibule
Bartholin's glands
Clitoris
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14
Q

Sensory innervation of vulva?

A

Anterior - illoinguinal nerve

Posterior - pudendal nerve

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15
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of vulva?

A

Cavernous nerves

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16
Q

The vagina recieves arterial supply from the vaginal and uterine arteries. From which vessel do they directly arise?

A

Internal iliac

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17
Q

Roles of vagina

A

Sexual intercourse
Childbirth
Menstruation

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18
Q

Anatomical position of vagina

A

Anterior – bladder and urethra.
Posterior – rectouterine pouch, rectum and anal canal.
Lateral – ureters and levator ani muscle.

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19
Q

4 histological layers of vagina (internal to external)

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Elastic lamina propria
Fibromuscular layer
Adventitia

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20
Q

Innervation of vagina

A

Autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic & sympathetic nerves arise from uterovaginal nerve plexus
Only the inferior 1/5 of the vagina receives somatic innervation - pudendal nerve, the deep perineal nerve.

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21
Q

External os

A

Opening that marks the transition into the endocervical canal

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22
Q

What contributes to the sterile environment of the cervix and superior structures?

A

Frequent shedding of the endometrium
Thick cervical mucus
Narrow external os

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23
Q

2 regions of cervix

A

Ectocervix

Endocervical canal

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24
Q

What lines the endocervical canal?

A

Mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium

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25
Q

2 main functions of cervix

A
  1. Facilitates passage of sperm

2. Maintains sterility of upper female reproductive tract

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26
Q

Endometriosis

A

The presence of ectopic endometrial tissue at sites outside the uterus that still respond to estrogens, causing bleeding and cysts

子宮內膜異位症

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27
Q

What is the uterus responsible for?

A

The maintenance & transportation of gametes

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28
Q

3 parts of the uterus

A

Fundus
Body
Cervix

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29
Q

Anteverted (uterus)

A

Rotated forward, towards the anterior surface of the body.

Anteverted w respect to the vagina

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30
Q

Anteflexed (uterus)

A

Flexed, towards the anterior surface of the body

Anteflexed w respect to the cervix

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31
Q

The uterus normally lies posterosuperior to the ______, anterior to the ______.

A

bladder; rectum

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32
Q

2 parts of the endometrium of the uterus

A

Deep stratum basalis

Superficial stratum functionalis

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33
Q

Which part of the endometrium shed during the menstrual cycle?

A

Superficial stratum functionalis

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34
Q

Broad ligament

A

Double layer of peritoneum attaching the sides of the uterus to the pelvis.

Acts as a mesentery for the uterus and contributes to maintaining it in position

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35
Q

Round Ligament

A

A remnant of the gubernaculum extending from the uterine horns to the labia majora via the inguinal canal.

Functions to maintain the anteverted position of the uterus.

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36
Q

Cardinal Ligament

A

Located at the base of the broad ligament, the cardinal ligament extends from the cervix to the lateral pelvic walls.

It contains the uterine artery and vein in addition to providing support to the uterus.

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37
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the uterus

A

Uterovaginal plexus - anterior & intermidiate parts of the inferior hypogastric plexus

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38
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the uterus

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

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39
Q

The fallopian tube is comprised of four parts. Which is located most medially?

A

Isthmus

  • The isthmus of the fallopian tube is located most medially - it connects the ampulla to the uterine cavity.
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40
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

When a fertilised egg implants in the fallopian tube

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41
Q

Function of Fallopian tubes

A

Assist in the transfer and transport of the ovum from the ovary, to the uterus.

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42
Q

4 parts of the Fallopian tube (lateral to medial)

A

Fimbriae
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

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43
Q

Sensory afferent fibres for Fallopian tube runs from?

A

T11-L1

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44
Q

Which ligament extends from the ovary to the fundus of the uterus?

A

Ovarian ligament

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45
Q

Functions of ovaries

A

Produce oocytes

Produce estrogen & progesterone

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46
Q

3 components of ovary?

A

Surface - simple cuboidal epithelium
Cortex - connective tissue stroma and numerous ovarian follicles
Medulla - loose connective tissue and a rich neurovascular network

47
Q

2 peritoneal ligaments of the ovaries

A

Suspensory ligament of ovary

Ligament of ovary

48
Q

Arterial supply & venous drainage of the female reproductive system

A

Arterial supply: paired ovarian arteries

Venous drainage: paired ovarian veins

  • Left ovarian vein → left renal vein → IVC
  • Right ovarian vein → IVC
49
Q

Sympathetic & parasympathetic nerves of the ovaries

A

Sympathetic: ovarian plexus
Parasympathetic: uterine (pelvic) plexus

Reach ovaries via suspensory ligament of ovary

50
Q

Which part of the broad ligament surrounds the fallopian tubes?

A

Mesosalpinx

  • The fallopian tubes are surrounded by the mesosalpinx. The mesometrium is associated with the uterus, and the mesovarium with the ovaries.
51
Q

Complete the sentence: The ovarian ligament connects the ovary to the ______________.

A

Lateral surface of the uterus

52
Q

Which ligament contains the ovarian vessels and nerves?

A

The suspensory ligament of ovary

53
Q

Function of ligaments in the female reproductive tract

A

Support female viscera & provide a conduit for neurovascular structure

54
Q

3 categories of ligaments in the female reproductive tract

A

Broad ligament
Uterine ligaments
Ovarian ligaments

55
Q

3 regions of the broad ligament

A

Mesometrium
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx

56
Q

2 ligaments associated w the ovary

A

Ovarian ligament

Suspensory ligament of ovary

57
Q

4 ligaments associated w the uterus

A

Round ligament
Cardinal ligaments
Pubocervical ligaments
Uterosacral ligaments

58
Q

What structure is located directly beneath the deep fascia of the penis?

A

Tunica albuginea

59
Q

Suspensory ligament of the penis

A

It connects the erectile bodies of the penis to the pubic symphysis

60
Q

Which branch of the internal iliac artery supplies blood to the penis?

A

Internal pudendal artery

61
Q

2 main functions of the penis

A

Sexual intercourse

Micturation

62
Q

3 parts of the penis

A

Root
Body
Glans

63
Q

What are the 3 masses of erectile tissue in the root & body of penis?

A

L & R crura

Bulb of penis

64
Q

Corpora cavernosa

A

The L & R crura seperates into 2 corpora cavernos into dorsal part of penis

65
Q

Corpus spongiosum

A

The bulb of penis forms corpus spongiosum in dorsal part of penis

66
Q

Where does the male urethra run through?

A

Corpus spongiosum

67
Q

4 muscles in root of penis

A

Bulbospongiosus (x2)

Ischiocavernosus (x2)

68
Q

2 facial coverings of erectile tissue

A

Superficial - Colles

Deep - Deep fascia of the penis (Buck’s fascia)

69
Q

2 ligaments that support root of penis

A

Suspensory ligament

Fundiform ligament

70
Q

Prepuce (penis)

A

Foreskin - double layer of skin & fascia

包皮

71
Q

What connects the prepuce to surface of the glans? (penis)

A

Frenulum

72
Q

Preputial sac (penis)

A

Potential space between the glans & prepuce

73
Q

Innervation of the penis

A

S2-S4 spinal cord segments

74
Q

Sensory & sympathetic innervation of the penis

A

Dorsal nerve of the penis - a branch of the pudendal nerve.

75
Q

Parasympathetic innervation

A

Cavernous nerves from peri-prostatic nerve plexus

76
Q

Where are the testes originally located during embryonic development?

A

Posterior abdominal wall

  • Originally, the testes are located on the posterior abdominal wall. During embryonic development they descend down the abdomen, and through the inguinal canal to reach the scrotum.
77
Q

The main arterial supply to the testes is via the paired testicular arteries. Where do they arise from?

A

Abdominal aorta

78
Q

Function of the testes

A

Site of sperm production and hormone synthesis

79
Q

Function of the epididymis

A

Storage of sperm

80
Q

Is the left of right testicle lower?

A

Left

81
Q

What lines the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sertoli cells - aid maturation process of spermatozoa

82
Q

Where are spermatozoa produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules

83
Q

Rete testes

A

Developing sperm travels through

84
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

A closed sac of parietal peritoneal origin that contains a small amount of viscous fluid

85
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

A fibrous capsule that encloses the testes

86
Q

3 parts of epididymis

A

Head
Body
Tail

87
Q

Innervation of the testis & epididymis

A

Automatic & sensory: testicular plexus

88
Q

What embryonic structure is the scrotum derived from?

A

Genital swellings

89
Q

Dartos muscle of the scrotum

A

Acts to help regulate the temperature of the scrotum, by wrinkling the skin
- decreases surface area, reducing heat loss.

90
Q

3 major (paired) structure in the scrotum

A

Testis
Epididymis
Spermatic cord

91
Q

Cutaneous innervation to the scrotum

A

Anterior & anterolateral aspect – Anterior scrotal nerves

Posterior aspect – Posterior scrotal nerves

92
Q

Which anatomical space does the spermatic cord travel through?

A

Inguinal canal

  • The spermatic cord travels through the inguinal canal to reach the scrotum.
93
Q

Which vessel does the left testicular vein drain into?

A

Left renal vein

  • The left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein. The right testicular vein drains directly into the IVC
94
Q

The anatomical course of the spermatic cord

A

Deep inguinal ring → inguinal canal → superficial inguinal ring → scrotum → posterior border of testes

95
Q

3 fascial layers of the spermatic cord

A

External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle
Internal spermatic fascia

96
Q

What is the main role of the prostate?

A

Produce proteolytic enzymes

  • The prostate secretes proteolytic enzymes into the semen, which act to break down clotting factors in the ejaculate
97
Q

Which zone of the prostate is most associated with prostatic carcinoma?

A

Peripheral

98
Q

How does the proteolytic enzymes leave the prostate?

A

Via prostatic gland

99
Q

3 zones of histological division of the prostate

A

Central zone – surrounds the ejaculatory ducts
Transitional zone – located centrally & surrounds the urethra
Peripheral zone

100
Q

Sympathetic, parasympathetic & sensory innervation of the prostate

A

Inferior hypogastric plexus.

101
Q

Which part of the urethra do the bulbourethral ducts empty into?

A

Spongy

102
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located in relation to the bulb of the penis?

A

Superior

103
Q

What is the epithelium of the bulbourethral glands?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

104
Q

What does bulbourethral glands produce?

A

A mucus secretion contains glycoproteins

105
Q

What structure are the seminal glands derived from?

A

Mesonephric ducts

106
Q

What separates the seminal vesicle and the rectum?

A

Rectovesicle pouch

107
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

A

Between the bladder fundus & rectum

108
Q

Point and Shoot (male reproductive system innervation)

A

Erection, or pointing, receives parasympathetic innervation

Ejaculation (including contraction of the smooth muscle of the seminal vesicles) receives sympathetic innervation.

109
Q

Ejaculatory Pathway of Sperm (“SEVEn UP”)

A 
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
nothing
Urethra
Penis
110
Q

Venous drainage of male reproductive system

A

Left testicular vein → left renal vein → inferior vena cava (IVC)

Right testicular vein → inferior vena cava (IVC)

Pampiniform Plexus

111
Q

Pampiniform Plexus

A

Veins emerging from testis and epididymis form pampiniform venous plexus
Veins of each pampiniform plexus converge superiorly → form left and right testicular veins

112
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the male reproductive system

  • lumbar (para-aortic) lymph nodes
  • superficial inguinal lymph nodes
A

Lumbar (para-aortic) lymph nodes
- testes

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
- scrotum

113
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the female reproductive system

  • Lymphatic drainage lumbar (para-aortic) lymph nodes
  • superficial inguinal lymph nodes
  • internal iliac (hypogastric) lymph nodes
  • external iliac (obturator) lymph nodes
  • sacral lymph nodes
A

Lymphatic drainage lumbar (para-aortic) lymph nodes

  • Ovary
  • Fundus of uterus

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

  • Vulva
  • Superolateral uterus (via round ligament of uterus)

Internal iliac (hypogastric) lymph nodes

  • Upper vagina
  • Middle vagina
  • Body of uterus
  • Cervix

External iliac (obturator) lymph nodes

  • Upper vagina
  • Body of uterus
  • Cervix

Sacral lymph nodes
- Lower vagina

114
Q

3 layers of the uterus (outer to inner)

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

MBBS (28 decks)

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