203 UG - Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Main functions of urinary system
A
- Removal of metabolic waste products such as uric acid, urea, and creatinine.
- Maintain electrolyte, water & pH balance.
- Regulation of blood pressure, blood volume and erythropoiesis, and vitamin D production.
2
Q
In the embryo, what is the first kidney system to develop?
A
Pronephros
3
Q
What does the urinary system consist of?
A
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
4
Q
What are the 3 phases of kidney development?
A
Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros
5
Q
Where’s the kidney derived from?
A
Urogenital ridge
6
Q
Horseshoe kidney
A
2 developing kidneys fuse into a single horseshoe-shaped structure
- occurs if the kidneys become too close together during their ascent from the pelvis to the abdomen – they become fused and consequently ‘stuck’ underneath the inferior mesenteric artery
7
Q
Where is the bladder & urethra derived from?
A
Cloaca
8
Q
What are the 2 parts that cloaca is divided into by uro-rectal septum?
A
Urogenital sinus
Anal canal
9
Q
A woman presents to her GP with an infected Bartholin’s cyst. Which lymph node group is most likely to undergo reactive lymphadenopathy?
A
Superficial inguinal
- The lymphatic drainage of the vulva is to the superficial inguinal nodes - these are most likely to enlarge in response to infection.
10
Q
Which vulval structure is embryologically derived from the urethral folds?
A
Labia minora
11
Q
Which structure of the vulva is formed by the fusion of the labia majora anteriorly?
A
Mons pubis
- The mons pubis is a subcutaneous fat pad located anterior to the pubic symphysis. It formed by the fusion of the labia majora.
陰阜（人體性器官之上覆蓋盆骨的部位）
12
Q
3 functions of the vulva
A
- Acts as sensory tissue during sexual intercourse
- Assists in micturition by directing the flow of urine
- Protects the internal female reproductive tract from infection.
13
Q
Structures of the Vulva (6)
A
Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Vestibule Bartholin's glands Clitoris
14
Q
Sensory innervation of vulva?
A
Anterior - illoinguinal nerve
Posterior - pudendal nerve
15
Q
Parasympathetic innervation of vulva?
A
Cavernous nerves
16
Q
The vagina recieves arterial supply from the vaginal and uterine arteries. From which vessel do they directly arise?
A
Internal iliac
17
Q
Roles of vagina
A
Sexual intercourse
Childbirth
Menstruation
18
Q
Anatomical position of vagina
A
Anterior – bladder and urethra.
Posterior – rectouterine pouch, rectum and anal canal.
Lateral – ureters and levator ani muscle.
19
Q
4 histological layers of vagina (internal to external)
A
Stratified squamous epithelium
Elastic lamina propria
Fibromuscular layer
Adventitia
20
Q
Innervation of vagina
A
Autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic & sympathetic nerves arise from uterovaginal nerve plexus
Only the inferior 1/5 of the vagina receives somatic innervation - pudendal nerve, the deep perineal nerve.
21
Q
External os
A
Opening that marks the transition into the endocervical canal
22
Q
What contributes to the sterile environment of the cervix and superior structures?
A
Frequent shedding of the endometrium
Thick cervical mucus
Narrow external os
23
Q
2 regions of cervix
A
Ectocervix
Endocervical canal
24
Q
What lines the endocervical canal?
A
Mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium
25
2 main functions of cervix
1. Facilitates passage of sperm
| 2. Maintains sterility of upper female reproductive tract
26
Endometriosis
The presence of ectopic endometrial tissue at sites outside the uterus that still respond to estrogens, causing bleeding and cysts
子宮內膜異位症
27
What is the uterus responsible for?
The maintenance & transportation of gametes
28
3 parts of the uterus
Fundus
Body
Cervix
29
Anteverted (uterus)
Rotated forward, towards the anterior surface of the body.
Anteverted w respect to the vagina
30
Anteflexed (uterus)
Flexed, towards the anterior surface of the body
Anteflexed w respect to the cervix
31
The uterus normally lies posterosuperior to the ______, anterior to the ______.
bladder; rectum
32
2 parts of the endometrium of the uterus
Deep stratum basalis
| Superficial stratum functionalis
33
Which part of the endometrium shed during the menstrual cycle?
Superficial stratum functionalis
34
Broad ligament
Double layer of peritoneum attaching the sides of the uterus to the pelvis.
Acts as a mesentery for the uterus and contributes to maintaining it in position
35
Round Ligament
A remnant of the gubernaculum extending from the uterine horns to the labia majora via the inguinal canal.
Functions to maintain the anteverted position of the uterus.
36
Cardinal Ligament
Located at the base of the broad ligament, the cardinal ligament extends from the cervix to the lateral pelvic walls.
It contains the uterine artery and vein in addition to providing support to the uterus.
37
Sympathetic innervation of the uterus
Uterovaginal plexus - anterior & intermidiate parts of the inferior hypogastric plexus
38
Parasympathetic innervation of the uterus
Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
39
The fallopian tube is comprised of four parts. Which is located most medially?
Isthmus
- The isthmus of the fallopian tube is located most medially - it connects the ampulla to the uterine cavity.
40
Ectopic pregnancy
When a fertilised egg implants in the fallopian tube
41
Function of Fallopian tubes
Assist in the transfer and transport of the ovum from the ovary, to the uterus.
42
4 parts of the Fallopian tube (lateral to medial)
Fimbriae
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
43
Sensory afferent fibres for Fallopian tube runs from?
T11-L1
44
Which ligament extends from the ovary to the fundus of the uterus?
Ovarian ligament
45
Functions of ovaries
Produce oocytes
| Produce estrogen & progesterone
46
3 components of ovary?
Surface - simple cuboidal epithelium
Cortex - connective tissue stroma and numerous ovarian follicles
Medulla - loose connective tissue and a rich neurovascular network
47
2 peritoneal ligaments of the ovaries
Suspensory ligament of ovary
| Ligament of ovary
48
Arterial supply & venous drainage of the female reproductive system
Arterial supply: paired ovarian arteries
Venous drainage: paired ovarian veins
- Left ovarian vein → left renal vein → IVC
- Right ovarian vein → IVC
49
Sympathetic & parasympathetic nerves of the ovaries
Sympathetic: ovarian plexus
Parasympathetic: uterine (pelvic) plexus
Reach ovaries via suspensory ligament of ovary
50
Which part of the broad ligament surrounds the fallopian tubes?
Mesosalpinx
- The fallopian tubes are surrounded by the mesosalpinx. The mesometrium is associated with the uterus, and the mesovarium with the ovaries.
51
Complete the sentence: The ovarian ligament connects the ovary to the ______________.
Lateral surface of the uterus
52
Which ligament contains the ovarian vessels and nerves?
The suspensory ligament of ovary
53
Function of ligaments in the female reproductive tract
Support female viscera & provide a conduit for neurovascular structure
54
3 categories of ligaments in the female reproductive tract
Broad ligament
Uterine ligaments
Ovarian ligaments
55
3 regions of the broad ligament
Mesometrium
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx
56
2 ligaments associated w the ovary
Ovarian ligament
| Suspensory ligament of ovary
57
4 ligaments associated w the uterus
Round ligament
Cardinal ligaments
Pubocervical ligaments
Uterosacral ligaments
58
What structure is located directly beneath the deep fascia of the penis?
Tunica albuginea
59
Suspensory ligament of the penis
It connects the erectile bodies of the penis to the pubic symphysis
60
Which branch of the internal iliac artery supplies blood to the penis?
Internal pudendal artery
61
2 main functions of the penis
Sexual intercourse
| Micturation
62
3 parts of the penis
Root
Body
Glans
63
What are the 3 masses of erectile tissue in the root & body of penis?
L & R crura
| Bulb of penis
64
Corpora cavernosa
The L & R crura seperates into 2 corpora cavernos into dorsal part of penis
65
Corpus spongiosum
The bulb of penis forms corpus spongiosum in dorsal part of penis
66
Where does the male urethra run through?
Corpus spongiosum
67
4 muscles in root of penis
Bulbospongiosus (x2)
| Ischiocavernosus (x2)
68
2 facial coverings of erectile tissue
Superficial - Colles
| Deep - Deep fascia of the penis (Buck's fascia)
69
2 ligaments that support root of penis
Suspensory ligament
| Fundiform ligament
70
Prepuce (penis)
Foreskin - double layer of skin & fascia
包皮
71
What connects the prepuce to surface of the glans? (penis)
Frenulum
72
Preputial sac (penis)
Potential space between the glans & prepuce
73
Innervation of the penis
S2-S4 spinal cord segments
74
Sensory & sympathetic innervation of the penis
Dorsal nerve of the penis - a branch of the pudendal nerve.
75
Parasympathetic innervation
Cavernous nerves from peri-prostatic nerve plexus
76
Where are the testes originally located during embryonic development?
Posterior abdominal wall
- Originally, the testes are located on the posterior abdominal wall. During embryonic development they descend down the abdomen, and through the inguinal canal to reach the scrotum.
77
The main arterial supply to the testes is via the paired testicular arteries. Where do they arise from?
Abdominal aorta
78
Function of the testes
Site of sperm production and hormone synthesis
79
Function of the epididymis
Storage of sperm
80
Is the left of right testicle lower?
Left
81
What lines the seminiferous tubules?
Sertoli cells - aid maturation process of spermatozoa
82
Where are spermatozoa produced?
Seminiferous tubules
83
Rete testes
Developing sperm travels through
84
Tunica vaginalis
A closed sac of parietal peritoneal origin that contains a small amount of viscous fluid
85
Tunica albuginea
A fibrous capsule that encloses the testes
86
3 parts of epididymis
Head
Body
Tail
87
Innervation of the testis & epididymis
Automatic & sensory: testicular plexus
88
What embryonic structure is the scrotum derived from?
Genital swellings
89
Dartos muscle of the scrotum
Acts to help regulate the temperature of the scrotum, by wrinkling the skin
- decreases surface area, reducing heat loss.
90
3 major (paired) structure in the scrotum
Testis
Epididymis
Spermatic cord
91
Cutaneous innervation to the scrotum
Anterior & anterolateral aspect – Anterior scrotal nerves
Posterior aspect – Posterior scrotal nerves
92
Which anatomical space does the spermatic cord travel through?
Inguinal canal
- The spermatic cord travels through the inguinal canal to reach the scrotum.
93
Which vessel does the left testicular vein drain into?
Left renal vein
- The left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein. The right testicular vein drains directly into the IVC
94
The anatomical course of the spermatic cord
Deep inguinal ring → inguinal canal → superficial inguinal ring → scrotum → posterior border of testes
95
3 fascial layers of the spermatic cord
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle
Internal spermatic fascia
96
What is the main role of the prostate?
Produce proteolytic enzymes
- The prostate secretes proteolytic enzymes into the semen, which act to break down clotting factors in the ejaculate
97
Which zone of the prostate is most associated with prostatic carcinoma?
Peripheral
98
How does the proteolytic enzymes leave the prostate?
Via prostatic gland
99
3 zones of histological division of the prostate
Central zone – surrounds the ejaculatory ducts
Transitional zone – located centrally & surrounds the urethra
Peripheral zone
100
Sympathetic, parasympathetic & sensory innervation of the prostate
Inferior hypogastric plexus.
101
Which part of the urethra do the bulbourethral ducts empty into?
Spongy
102
Where are the bulbourethral glands located in relation to the bulb of the penis?
Superior
103
What is the epithelium of the bulbourethral glands?
Simple columnar epithelium
104
What does bulbourethral glands produce?
A mucus secretion contains glycoproteins
105
What structure are the seminal glands derived from?
Mesonephric ducts
106
What separates the seminal vesicle and the rectum?
Rectovesicle pouch
107
Where are the seminal vesicles located?
Between the bladder fundus & rectum
108
Point and Shoot (male reproductive system innervation)
Erection, or pointing, receives parasympathetic innervation
| Ejaculation (including contraction of the smooth muscle of the seminal vesicles) receives sympathetic innervation.
109
Ejaculatory Pathway of Sperm ("SEVEn UP")
```
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
nothing
Urethra
Penis
```
110
Venous drainage of male reproductive system
Left testicular vein → left renal vein → inferior vena cava (IVC)
Right testicular vein → inferior vena cava (IVC)
Pampiniform Plexus
111
Pampiniform Plexus
Veins emerging from testis and epididymis form pampiniform venous plexus
Veins of each pampiniform plexus converge superiorly → form left and right testicular veins
112
Lymphatic drainage of the male reproductive system
- lumbar (para-aortic) lymph nodes
- superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Lumbar (para-aortic) lymph nodes
- testes
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
- scrotum
113
Lymphatic drainage of the female reproductive system
- Lymphatic drainage lumbar (para-aortic) lymph nodes
- superficial inguinal lymph nodes
- internal iliac (hypogastric) lymph nodes
- external iliac (obturator) lymph nodes
- sacral lymph nodes
Lymphatic drainage lumbar (para-aortic) lymph nodes
- Ovary
- Fundus of uterus
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
- Vulva
- Superolateral uterus (via round ligament of uterus)
Internal iliac (hypogastric) lymph nodes
- Upper vagina
- Middle vagina
- Body of uterus
- Cervix
External iliac (obturator) lymph nodes
- Upper vagina
- Body of uterus
- Cervix
Sacral lymph nodes
- Lower vagina
114
3 layers of the uterus (outer to inner)
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
