Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NSU AA Denver: Winter 2025 (1st Semester) > 2025 Physiology Exam 4 > Flashcards

2025 Physiology Exam 4 Flashcards

Lectures 17-22: Endocrine, Metabolism, Neurophysiology

1
Q

Endocrinology

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hormones Are Defined By Their Mode of Action

A

KNOW:
Hormone
Where it comes from
What triggers its synthesis and/or release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hormone Transportation

A

Water = another name polypeptide

Thyroid = actually proteins, but act like steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Three Hormone Classes

A

All steroids have a backbone of cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hormone Transportation

A

KNOW the Transcription and Translation overview

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Protein and Peptide Hormones

A

TRH from hypothalamus goes to anterior pituitary to release TSH
TSH goes to Thyroid and tells it to stimulate/release TH

ADH and Oxytocin come from hypothalamus and stores in posterior pituitary for eventual release (CONFIRM ALL THIS!!!)

Insulin and Glucagon are antagonist to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Synthesis of Steroid Hormones

A

Cholesterol is the backbone of all steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Very little storage = made de novo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Synthesis of Tyrosine-Derived Hormones

A

Colloid - T3 and T4 are made here
Space between the follicles is called the medulla and have C-Cells, which produces calcitonin (antagonist to PTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tyrosine (Amine) Hormones

A

Thyroid hormones contain Iodine
Are poly peptides… but lipid soluble and travel in blood by thyroxine binding globulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hormone Concentration Is a Balance Between Secretion and Clearance

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Summary of Clearance Determinants

A

Only Free Hormones are active
Hormones bound to a carrier mechanism are not active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Plasma [Hormone] Is Very Low

A

What kind of hormone attaches to what ones?
Lipophilic to look for receptor inside

KNOW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Control of Hormone Secretion

A

KNOW HOW THIS WORKS AGAIN
Most common is Negative Feedback… as hormone does its job it works to terminate itself

KNOW NEGATIVE and POSITIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Negative Feedback

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Example of Negative Feedback

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Positive Feedback

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Example of Positive Feedback

A

Insulin is another example

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pituitary Anatomy

A

Sits in the Sella turcica of sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Major Hormones of the
Anterior Pituitary

A

Growth hormone

Adrenocorticotropin
(ACTH, corticotropin)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone
(thyrotropin)

Prolactin

Gonadotropins
(FSH and luteinizing)

Melano hormone or something like this?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sites of Action for
Pituitary Hormones

A

Gland that produces Hormone
Target of hormone
What regulates hormone release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cell Type and Hormone

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hypothalamic-Hypophysial Portal System

A

Portal system = capillaries between two veins
How does this work?

Posterior Pituitary does not use portal system
What does it use again???

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Hypothalamic-Hypophysial Regulatory Hormones (Hypophysiotropic)
Know somatostatin
26
Hypothalamic-Hypophysial Control Summary
27
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Growth Hormone... controlled by the hypothalamus hormones: GHRH Somatosonin
28
Growth Hormone (Somatotropin)
29
Metabolic Actions of Growth Hormone
Increase Protein Synthesis Increase Fat Utilization Decrease Carbohydrate Utilization
30
Growth Hormone Increases Protein Synthesis
31
Growth Hormone Increases Fatty Acid Metabolism
Use Fat for energy GH antagonist to Insulin
32
Growth Hormone Inhibits Utilization of Carbohydrate
↓ Glucose uptake in muscle ↓ Glucose uptake in fat ↑ Gluconeogenesis (Hepatic production) Blood level glucose increases
33
Diabetogenic Effects of Growth Hormone
Because decrease of Glucose in the muscles, leads to more glucose in the blood
34
Growth Hormone-Bone Growth
35
Acromegaly
Local tumor effects ↑ Pituitary, visual field defects, headache Somatic systems Acral enlargement, prognathism, carpal tunnel syndrome CV system Ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, Hypertension, heart failure Pulmonary system Sleep disturbances, sleep apnea Visceromegaly Tongue, thyroid gland, liver, spleen, liver, kidney, prostate Metabolic Insulin resistance, fasting hyperglycemia,
36
Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
37
Hypothalamic Control of Growth Hormone
38
Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) ADH or AVP
Stimulus: High serum osmolarity Hypotension ADH works on the collecting duct
39
Renal Tubular Actions of ADH
ADH works on the collecting duct
40
Control of Antidiuretic Hormone
Lower serum osmolarity Increase fluid in system
41
Oxytocin
42
Thyroid Hormones
acts like a steroid, there fore lipid soluble
43
Major Hormones of the Thyroid Gland
44
Dietary Iodide Is Necessary for Thyroid Hormone Production
45
Thyroid Hormone Production-Step 1
Iodine trapped by colloid, then goes back into cell Look up more??? ** He breezed over the next steps...
46
Metabolic Actions of Thyroid Hormones
47
Cardiovascular Effects of Thyroid Hormone
48
Other Physiological Affects of T3 and T4
Increase Rate of Bone Growth Early cessation of growth Affects children
49
Control of Thyroid Hormones
KNOW this a little more
50
Adrenal Anatomy
51
Adrenal Cortical Hormones (1 of 2)
Mineralocorticoids = aldosterone is the big one Glucocorticoids = cortisol is the big one Androgenic
52
Adrenal Medullary Hormones—Amine
53
Adrenal Steroid Clearance
54
Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Activity
55
Aldosterone
Lipid Soluble Aldosterone (60%) Corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) Plasma proteins (albumin, prealbumin)
56
Aldosterone Action in the Kidneys
57
Physiological Actions of Aldosterone
Aldosterone has an inverse relationship with potassium
58
Aldosterone Control
YOUTUBE THIS POTASSIUM and ALDOSTERONE RELATIONSHIP...
59
Summary of Aldosterone Control
60
During a Chronic Infusion of Aldosterone …
KNOW HOW TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
61
Cortisol
Glucocorticoids Cortisol (95%) 90% circulating bound to cortisol binding globulin, plasma proteins (albumin, prealbumin) Because it is so active Corticosterone (4%)
62
Cortisol—Carbohydrate Metabolism
63
Cortisol—Protein Metabolism
64
Cortisol—Fat Metabolism
65
Cortisol
Anti-inflammatory properties
66
Hypothalamic Control of Cortisol
67
Hormonal Control of Calcium
Vitamin D Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Calcitonin (produced by the C-Cells in Thyroid) Calcium has an inverse relationship with Phosphate???
68
Vitamin D
Starts in skin, kidney is the last step**** Helps with absorption of calcium (and phsosphate) in intestines**** Promotes intestinal absorption of calcium Promotes intestinal absorption of phosphate Increases renal reabsorption of calcium and phosphate (minor) Enhances bone calcification (by increasing calcium transport, activating osteoblasts?)
69
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
70
Parathyroid Anatomy and Function
71
Major Actions of Parathyroid Hormone
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol = vitamin D Osteolysis = breakdown of bone = activation of osteoclasts
72
PTH Effect on Bone
73
Control of PTH by Calcium (ECF)
74
Calcitonin
Opposes effect of PTH (i.e., it decreases plasma calcium) Produced in the thyroid gland (parafollicular cells... within medulla of thyroid, also called C-Cells) Stimulated by increased plasma calcium (hypercalcemia) Decreases osteoclast activity and osteolysis Decreases osteoclast formation (and subsequent osteoblast) Only a transient (hours) effect on plasma calcium
75
Summary of Calcium Control
76
Pancreas Anatomy and Major Hormones
Islets of Langerhans Alpha cells (25%) – Glucagon Beta cells (60%) – insulin, amylin Delta cells (10%) – Somatostatin PP cells (5%) – Pancreatic polypeptide
77
Pancreas Anatomy—Cell Types
78
Insulin
79
Insulin Increases the Cellular Uptake of Glucose
80
Cellular Action of Insulin
Brain and active muscles are independent of insulin???
81
Insulin Promotes Glucose Storage in the Liver
82
Liver Is a Source of Glucose in the Postabsorptive State*
83
Effect of Insulin on Protein
84
Insulin Is Regulated by Glucose
85
Regulation of Insulin
86
Glucagon
Antagonistic to Insulin Increase Blood Sugar... goes to Liver and tells it to breakdown the stored glucose (glycogen) to release into the blood
87
Glucagon (Actions Oppose Insulin)
Glycogenolysis = glycogen into glucose Gluconeogenesis = protein breakdown for energy
88
Somatostatin
Increased by: Glucose Amino acids Fatty acids GI hormones Purpose: Maximize use of “fuel” Growth hormone inhibition Actions: Paracrine action to inhibit insulin and glucagon secretion Decreases stomach, duodenum, gall bladder motility Decreases secretion and absorption in GI tract
89
Epinephrine
90
Metabolic Effects of Epinephrine
91
Summary of Glucose Regulation
Liver—stores/releases glucose Insulin—increased by glucose, returns glucose to normal (80–90 mg/dL fasted) Glucagon—increased by low glucose, returns glucose to normal Hypoglycemia—stimulates sympathetic nerve increase in epinephrine to increase glucose from the liver Hypoglycemia—increases growth hormone/cortisol, promotes fat utilization, decreased glucose utilization
92
Importance of Glucose Regulation
Brain, retina, gonadal epithelium—only use glucose Too much increases extracellular osmotic pressure (cellular dehydration) Too much causes urinary loss of glucose Urinary loss of glucose-osmotic diuresis Too much causes vascular damage
93
The Female Sexual (Menstrual) Cycle
KNOW THIS!!!
94
Follicular Phase—Ovulation
High estrogen leads to high LH leads to ovulation... after which you see progesterone
95
Endometrial Cycle and Menstruation
96
Physiological Effects of Estrogen
97
Male Reproductive....
Look at PowerPoint, short...

NSU AA Denver: Winter 2025 (1st Semester) (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions