2021ACE_Glossary_8 Flashcards
Stress incontinence
Pressure (or stress) on the bladder resulting from physical movement or activity, such as coughing, sneezing, running, or heavy lifting. Not related to psychological stress.
Stretch reflex
An involuntary motor response that, when stimulated, causes a suddenly stretched muscle to respond with a corresponding contraction.
Stretch-shortening cycle
An active stretch (eccentric action) of a muscle followed by an immediate shortening (concentric action) of that same muscle. A component of plyometrics.
Stroke
A sudden and often severe attack due to blockage of an artery into the brain.
Stroke volume (SV}
The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart with each beat.
Structure/function claim
A statement that relates a nutrient or dietary ingredient to normal human structure or function such as “calcium builds strong bones,” or describes a benefit related to a nutrient deficiency. It must state a disclaimer that the Food and Drug Administration has not evaluated the claim and that the supplement is not intended to treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Subchapter
S-corporation A corporation that does not pay any income taxes. Instead, the corporation’s income or losses are divided among and passed through to its shareholders.
Subcutaneous fat
Fatty deposit or pad of storage fat found under the skin.
Sudden cardiac death (SCD)
Immediate death resulting from a sudden change in the rhythm of the heart usually caused by heart rhythms that are too fast. This condition is also called cardiac arrest.
Summarizing
A feature of active listening in which the personal trainer states back to a client what the personal trainer perceives to be the main points of what the client has said.
Superficial
External; located close to or on the body surface.
Superior
Located above.
Superset
Alternating exercises for opposing muscle groups with little rest between sets.
Supination
External rotation of the forearm (radioulnar joint) that causes the palm to face anteriorly.
Supine
Lying face up (on the back).
Sustain talk
Statements reflecting a desire not to change.
Sympathetic nervous system
A branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for mobilizing the body’s energy and resources during times of stress and arousal (i.e., the fight or flight response). Opposes the physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system (e.g., reduces digestive secretions, speeds the heart, contracts blood vessels).
Sympathomimetic
A characteristic of medications that mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
Synapse
The region of communication between neurons.
Syncope
A transient state of unconsciousness during which a person collapses to the floor as a result of lack of oxygen to the brain; commonly known as fainting.
Synergist
A muscle that assists another muscle in function.
Synovial tissue
Connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons.
Systemic circuit
The circulatory vessels of the body.
Systole
The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.
Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
The pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls during ventricular contraction.
Tachycardia
Elevated heart rate over 100 beats per minute.
Talk test
A method for measuring exercise intensity using observation of respiration effort and the ability to talk while exercising.
Target heart rate
Number of heartbeats per minute that indicates appropriate exercise intensity levels for each individual; also called training heart rate.
Tendinitis
Inflammation of a tendon.
Tendon
A band of fibrous tissue forming the termination of a muscle and attaching the muscle to a bone.
Tensile strength
The amount of longitudinal pulling stress that a material (e.g., soft tissue) can withstand before being pulled apart.
Testosterone
In males, the steroid hormone produced in the testes; involved in growth and development of reproductive tissues, sperm, and secondary male sex characteristics.
Thermoregulation
Regulation of the body’s temperature.
