2021ACE_Glossary_1 Flashcards
Active recovery
Continuing to move immediately after an exercise segment is completed but at a lower intensity.
Activities of daily living (ADL)
Activities normally performed for hygiene, bathing, household chores, walking, shopping. and similar activities.
Acute
Descriptive of a condition that usually has a rapid onset and a relatively short and severe course; opposite of chronic.
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
A myocardial infarction resulting from acute obstruction of a coronary artery. See also Myocardial infarction.
Adduction
Movement toward the mid line of the body.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A highenergy phosphate molecule required to provide energy for cellular function. Produced both aerobically and anaerobically and stored in the body.
Adequate Intake (Al)
A recommended nutrient intake level that, based on research, appears to be sufficient for good health.
Adherence
The extent to which people follow their plans or treatment recommendations. Exercise adherence is the extent to which people follow an exercise program.
Adhesion
A fibrous bond of scar tissue forming between two surfaces.
Adipocyte
A fat cell.
Adiponectin
A hormone related to energy metabolism regulation that facilitates the action of insulin by sending blood glucose into the body’s cells for storage or use as fuel, thus increasing the cells’ insulin sensitivity or glucose metabolism.
Adipose
Fat cells stored in fatty tissues in the body.
Adulterated
A supplement is considered adulterated if it, or one of its ingredients, presents a “significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury” when used as directed, or under normal circumstances.
Aerobic
In the presence of oxygen.
Affiliate
A facility or business that is connected or attached to a larger organization or company.
Affirmation
A positive statement to accentuate a client’s strengths or effort.
Agility
The ability to move quickly and easily; a skill-related component of physical fitness.
Agonist
The muscle directly responsible for observed movement; also called the pnme mover.
Agreement to participate
Signed document that indicates that the client is aware of inherent risks and potential injuries that can occur from participation.
Air displacement plethysmography (ADP)
A body-composition assessment technique based on the same body volume measurement principle as hydrostatic weighing; uses air instead of water.
Allergen
A substance that can cause an allergic reaction by stimulating type-1 hypersensitivity in genetically susceptible individuals.
Altitude sickness
An altitude-induced illness caused by exercising at a moderate to high altitude without acclimatizing to the decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the air, resulting in less oxygen being carried in the blood. Symptoms include shortness of breath, headache, lightheadedness, and nausea.
Alveoli
Spherical extensions of the respiratory bronchioles and the primary sites of gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.
Ambient temperature
The temperature of the surrounding air; room temperature.
Ambivalence
A state of having mixed feelings about a change; arguing both for and against change simultaneously.
American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP)
One of two performing rights societies in the United States that represent music publishers in negotiating and collecting fees for the nondramatic performance of music.
Amino acid
Nitrogen-containing compound that is one of the building blocks of protein.
Amortization phase
The transition period between the eccentric and concentric actions during plyometrics; a crucial part of the stretch-shortening cycle that contributes to power development.
Anabolic
Muscle-building effects.
Anaerobic
Without the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic efficiency
The ability to use the energy systems that do not require the presence of oxygen to contribute to the total energy needs during physical activity.
Anaerobic glycolysis
The metabolic pathway that uses glucose for energy production without requiring oxygen. Sometimes referred to as the lactic acid system or anaerobic glucose system, it produces lactic acid as a by-product.
Anatomical position
Standing erect with the arms hanging by the side and the head, eyes, feet, and palms facing forward.
Android
Adipose tissue or body fat distributed in the abdominal area (appleshaped individuals).
Anemia
A reduction in the number of red blood cells and/or quantity of hemoglobin per volume of blood below normal values.
Anemic
See Anemia.
Aneurysm
A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel; associated with a stroke when the aneurysm bursts.
Angina
A common symptom of coronary artery disease characterized by chest pain, tightness, or radiating pain resulting from a lack of blood flow to the heart muscle.
Angioplasty
A surgical procedure that involves inserting a catheter into a blocked coronary artery. A narrow balloon is then inflated inside the artery, to widen the artery. Also called percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA).
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
A class of drugs used to treat high blood pressure and other conditions by preventing angiotensin II from binding to angiotensin II receptors, thereby allowing blood vessels to dilate; also referred to as angiotensinreceptor blockers.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
A class of drugs used to treat high blood pressure and other conditions by reducing the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme, which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 11.
Ankylosing spondylitis
Inflammatory arthritis of the spine, resembling rheumatoid arthritis, that may progress to bony ankylosis with slipping of vertebral margins; the disease is more common in males.
Anorexia
An eating disorder characterized by a restriction of energy intake leading to a significant low body weight relative to normative values for sex, age, physical health, and developmental trajectory; intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain.
Antagonist
The muscle that acts in opposition to the contraction produced by an agonist (prime mover) muscle.
Antecedent
Variable or factor that precedes and influences a client’s behavior.
Anterior
Anatomical term meaning toward the front. Same as ventral; opposite of posterior.
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
A primary stabilizing ligament of the knee that travels from the medial border of the lateral femoral condyle to its point of insertion anterolaterally to the medial tibial spine.
Anterior shin splints
Pain in the anterior compartment muscles of the lower leg, fascia, and periosteal lining. Often induced by exertional or sudden changes in activity.
Anthropometry
The measurement of the size and proportions of the human body.
Antihistamine
A class of drugs that blocks histamine receptors involved in the allergic response.
Antioxidant
A substance that prevents or repairs oxidative damage; includes vitamins C and E, some carotenoids, selenium, ubiquinones, and bioflavonoids.
Anxiety
A state of uneasiness and apprehension; occurs in some mental disorders.
Aorta
The major artery of the cardiovascular system; arises from the left ventricle of the heart.
Apnea
A temporary absence or cessation of breathing; when this condition occurs during sleep it is called sleep apnea.
Appendicular skeleton
The bones of the upper and lower limbs and the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic (hip) girdles.
Applied force
An external force acting on a system (body or body segment).
Arrhythmia
A disturbance in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. Some can be symptoms of serious heart disease; may not be of medical significance until symptoms appear.
Arteriole
Small-diameter blood vessel that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries; the primary site of vascular resistance.
Arteriosclerosis
A chronic disease in which thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls result in impaired blood circulation; develops with aging, and in hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and other conditions.
Artery
A blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to vital organs and the extremities.
Arthritis
Inflammation of a joint; a state characterized by the inflammation of joints.
Articulation
A joint Associative stage of learning The second stage of learning a motor skill, when performers begin to master the fundamentals and can concentrate on skill refinement.
Asthma
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects genetically susceptible individuals in response to various environmental triggers such as allergens, viral infection, exercise, cold, and stress.
Asymptomatic
Without the presence of symptoms.
Ataxia
Failure of muscular coordination; irregularity of muscular action.
Atherogenesis
Formation of atheromatous deposits, especially on the innermost layer of arterial walls.
Atherosclerosis
A specific form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the accumulation of fatty material on the inner walls of the arteries, causing them to harden, thicken, and lose elasticity.
Atherosclerotic heart disease
The end result of the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques within the coronary arteries that supply the muscle of the heart with oxygen and nutrients.
Athletic trainer
A healthcare professional who collaborates with physicians and specializes in providing immediate intervention when injuries occur and helping athletes and clients in the prevention, assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation of emergency, acute, and chronic medical conditions involving injury, impairment, functional limitations, and disabilities.
Atria
One of the two upper chambers of the heart (right and left atrium).
Atrium
See Atria.
Atrophy
A reduction in muscle size (muscle wasting) due to inactivity or immobilization.
Auscultation
Listening to the internal sounds of the body (such as the heartbeat), usually using a stethoscope.
Autogenic inhibition
An automatic reflex relaxation caused by stimulation of the Golgi tendon organ.
Autoimmune disease
Any of a group of disorders in which tissue injury is associated with the body’s responses to its own constituents; they may be systemic (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus) or organspecific (e.g., autoimmune thyroiditis).
Automated external defibrillator (AED)
A portable electronic device used to restore normal heart rhythms in victims of sudden cardiac arrest
Autonomic nervous system
The part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary body functions, including the activity of the cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands. It has two divisions: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
Autonomous motivation
Engaging in an activity out of free will and the desire to do so.
Autonomous stage of learning
The third stage of learning a motor skill, when the skill has become habitual or automatic for the performer.
Autonomy
The capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision.
Avascular
Characterized by a lack of blood vessels.
Axial skeleton
The bones of the head, neck, and trunk.
Axis of rotation
The imaginary line or point about which an object, such as a joint, rotates.
Axon
A nerve fiber that conducts a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body; efferent nerve fiber.
Balance
The ability to maintain the body’s position over its base of support within stability limits, both statically and dynamically; a health-related component of physical fitness.
Ballistic stretching
Dynamic stretching characterized by rhythmic bobbing or bouncing motions representing relatively high-force, short-duration movements.
Bariatric surgery
A variety of surgical procedures (e.g., gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and adjustable gastric band) to induce weight loss.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
The energy required to complete the sum total of lifesustaining processes, including ion transport (40% BMR), protein synthesis (20% BMR), and daily functioning such as breathing, circulation, and nutrient processing (40% BMR).
Base of support (BOS)
The areas of contact between the feet and their supporting surface and the area between the feet. Basic activities of daily living Any daily activity performed for self-care, including personal hygiene, dressing and undressing, eating, transferring from bed to chair and back, voluntarily controlling urinary and fecal discharge, elimination, and moving around (as opposed to being bedridden).
Behavior chain
A sequence of events in which variables both preceding and following a target behavior help to explain and reinforce the target behavior, such as participation in an exercise session.
Benign
Pertaining to a non-cancerous growth or tumor; mild disease or condition that is not life threatening.
Beta blocker
Medication that “blocks” or limits sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Acts to slow the heart rate and decrease maximal heart rate and is used for cardiovascular and other medical conditions.
Beta cell
Endocrine cell in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responsible for synthesizing and secreting the hormone insulin, which lowers the glucose levels in the blood.
Binge eating disorder
An eating disorder characterized by frequent binge eating (without purging) and feelings of being out of control when eating.
Bioavailability
The degree to which a substance can be absorbed and efficiently utilized by the body.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
A noninvasive, low cost, and a commonly used approach for body-composition measurement and assessment. This measurement is based on the obstruction of flow of an alternating current as it moves through parts of the body.
Blood pressure (BP)
The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries; measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) with a sphygmomanometer.
Body composition
The makeup of the body in terms of the relative percentage of fat-free mass and body fat; a health-related component of physical fitness.
Body fat
A component of the body, the primary role of which is to store energy for later use.
Body-fat percentage
The proportion of body composition representing the relative percentage of body fat. Calculated by dividing the fat mass by the total body mass, then multiplying by 100.
