2021ACE_Glossary_3 Flashcards
Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
Soreness that occurs 24 to 48 hours after strenuous exercise, the exact cause of which is unknown.
Dendrite
The portion of a nerve fiber that transmits impulses toward a nerve cell body; receptive portion of a nerve cell.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A large, double-stranded, helical molecule that is the carrier of genetic information.
Depression
- The action of lowering a muscle or bone or movement in an inferior or downward direction. 2. A condition of general emotional dejection and withdrawal; sadness greater and more prolonged than that warranted by any objective reason.
Detraining
Reversal of adaptation to exercise.
Diabetes
A disease of carbohydrate metabolism in which an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin results in an inability to metabolize carbohydrates normally.
Diaphragm
The most important muscle of inspiration; the only skeletal muscle considered essential for life.
Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone.
Diastasis recti
A separation of the recti abdominal muscles along the midline of the body.
Diastole
The period of filling of the heart between contractions; resting phase of the heart.
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
The pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase (diastole) of the cardiac cycle; indicative of total peripheral resistance.
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan
An eating plan designed to reduce blood pressure; also serves as an overall healthy way of eating that can be adopted by nearly anyone; may also lower risk of coronary heart disease.
Dietary Reference Intake (ORI)
A generic term used to refer to three types of nutrient reference values: Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL).
Dietary supplement
A product (other than tobacco) that functions to supplement the diet and contains one or more of the following ingredients: a vitamin, mineral, herb or other botanical, amino acid, dietary substance that increases total daily intake, metabolite, constituent, extract, or some combination of these ingredients.
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (OSHEA)
A bill passed by Congress in 1994 that sets forth regulations and guidelines for dietary supplements.
Digestion
The process of breaking down food into small enough units for absorption.
Diminishing returns
Principle stating that after a certain level of performance has been achieved, there will be a decline in the effectiveness of training at furthering a person’s performance level.
Directing style
A communication style in which the personal trainer leads, tells, and decides; the personal trainer is the main player and the client is a passive player. Triggers the “righting reflex.”
Distal
Farthest from the mid line of the body, or from the point of origin of a muscle.
Diuretic
Medication that produces an increase in urine volume and sodium excretion.
Dorsiflexion
Movement of the foot up toward the shin.
Dose-response relationship
Direct association between the amount of a stimulus and the magnitude of the desired outcome (e.g., amount of physical activity and good health).
Double-progression training protocol
Progressing the intensity of a muscular-training program using first an increase in the number of repetitions performed with a given load and second an increase in the amount of weight lifted using increments of 5%.
Double taxation
The imposition of taxation on corporate earnings at both the corporate level and again as a stockholder dividend.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
An imaging technique that uses a very low dose of radiation to measure bone density. Also can be used to measure overall body fat and regional differences in body fat.
Dynamic balance
The act of maintaining postural control while moving.
Dynamic stretching
Type of stretching that involves taking the joints through their ranges of motion while continuously moving. Often beneficial in warming up for a particular sport or activity that involves the same joint movements.
Dyslipidemia
A condition characterized by abnormal blood lipid profiles; may include elevated cholesterol, triglyceride, or lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) levels and/or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels.
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath; a subjective difficulty or distress in breathing.
Eating disorder
Disturbed eating behavior that jeopardizes a person’s physical or psychological health.
Eccentric
A type of isotonic muscle contraction in which the muscle lengthens against a resistance when it is stimulated; sometimes called “negative work” or “negative reps.”
Edema
Swelling resulting from an excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the body.
Ejection fraction
The percentage of the total volume of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle during the systolic contraction of the heart.
Elasticity
Temporary or recoverable elongation of connective tissue.
Elastin
A protein, similar to collagen, found in connective tissue that has elastic properties.
Electrolyte
A mineral that exists as a charged ion in the body and that is extremely important for normal cellular function.
Emotional arousal
A state of heightened physiological activity, emotions, and emotional behavior.
Empathy
Understanding what another person is experiencing from his or her perspective.
Emphysema
An obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by the gradual destruction of lung alveoli and the surrounding connective tissue, in addition to airway inflammation, leading to reduced ability to effectively inhale and exhale.
Employee
A person who works for another person in exchange for financial compensation. An employee complies with the instructions and directions of his or her employer and reports to them on a regular basis.
End-diastolic volume
The volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of the cardiac filling cycle (diastole).
Endocrine
Refers to either the gland that secretes directly into the systemic circulation or the substance secreted.
Endomysium
A layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers and contains capillaries, nerves, and lymphatics.
Endosteum
A soft tissue lining the internal surface of the diaphysis on a long bone.
Endothelial dysfunction
An imbalance between vasodilating and vasoconstricting substances produced by (or acting on) the endothelium (the inner lining of blood vessels), which can lead to atherosclerosis.
Enzyme
A protein that speeds up a specific chemical reaction.
Epimysium
A layer of connective tissue that encloses the entire muscle and is continuous with fascia and other connectivetissue wrappings of muscle, including the endomysium and perimysium.
Epinephrine
A hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise; also called adrenaline.
Epiphyseal cartilage
Cartilaginous layer between the head and shaft of a long bone where bone growth occurs. Also called a growth plate.
Epiphysis
The end of a long bone, usually wider than the shaft (plural: epiphyses).
Episiotomy
An incision made in the perineum-the tissue between the vaginal opening and the anus- during childbirth.
Ergogenic
Intended to enhance physical performance, stamina, or recovery.
Ergonomic
Designed for efficiency and comfort in the working environment.
Essential amino acid
One of the eight to 10 of the 23 different amino acids needed to make proteins. Called essential because the body cannot manufacture them; they must be obtained from the diet.
Essential body fat
Fat thought to be necessary for maintenance of life and reproductive function.
Essential hypertension
Hypertension without an identifiable cause; also called primary hypertension.
Estimated
Average Requirement (EAR) An adequate intake in 50% of an age- and sexspecific group.
Estrogen
Generic term for estrus-producing steroid compounds produced primarily in the ovaries; the female sex hormones.
Euhydration
A state of “normal” body water content.
Evaporation
The process by which molecules in a liquid state (e.g., water) spontaneously become gaseous (e.g., water vapor).
Eversion
Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface outward; occurs in the frontal plane.
Evidence-based practice
Making informed decisions and taking action based on the best available evidence.
Exculpatory clause
A clause within a waiver that bars the potential plaintiff from recovery.
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB)
The narrowing of the airways causing difficulty moving air out of the lungs during exercise. Caused by the loss of heat, water, or both from the airways during exercise when quickly breathing in air that is drier than what is already in thebody. Symptoms typically appear within a few minutes after exercise begins and may continue for 10 to 15 minutes after a workout is complete.
Expiration
The act of expelling air from the lungs; exhalation.
Express partnership
A partnership created through formal paperwork.
Extension
The act of straightening or extending a joint, usually applied to the muscular movement of a limb.
External rotation
Outward turning about the vertical axis of bone.
Extinction
The removal of a positive stimulus that has in the past followed a behavior.
Extrinsic feedback
Information received from an external source (such as another person) about a completed task (such as an exercise).
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation that cornes from external (outside of the self) rewards, such as material or social rewards.
Fartlek training
A form of training during which the exerciser randomly changes the aerobic intensity based on how he or she is feeling. Also called speed play.
Fascia
Strong connective tissue that performs a number of functions, including developing and isolating the muscles of the body and providing structural support and protection (plural: fasciae).
Fasciae
See Fascia.
Fascicle
A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium.
Fasciitis
An inflammation of the fascia.
Fast-twitch muscle fiber
One of several types of muscle fibers found in skeletal muscle tissue; also called type II fibers and characterized as having a low oxidative capacity but a high gylcolytic capacity; recruited for rapid, powerful movements such as jumping, throwing, and sprinting.
Fat
An essential nutrient that provides energy, energy storage, insulation, and contour to the body. 1 gram of fat equals 9 kcal.
Fat oxidation
The metabolic pathway that. in the presence of oxygen. breaks down fatty acids to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Fat-free mass (FFM)
That part of the body composition that represents everything but fat-blood, bones, connective tissue, organs, and muscle; also called lean body mass.
Fatty acid
A long hydrocarbon chain with an even number of carbons and varying degrees of saturation with hydrogen.
Feedback
An internal response within a learner; during information processing, it is the correctness or incorrectness of a response that is stored in memory to be used for future reference. Also, verbal or nonverbal information about current behavior that can be used to improve future performance.
Femoral anteversion
A congenital condition in which the femur is rotated inward (medially).
Fiber
Carbohydrate chains the body cannot break down for use and which pass through the body undigested.
First ventilatory threshold (VTl)
Intensity of aerobic exercise at which ventilation starts to increase in a nonlinear fashion in response to an accumulation of metabolic by-products in the blood.
Flexibility
The ability to move joints through their normal full ranges of motion; a healthrelated component of physical fitness.
Flexion
The act of moving a joint so that the two bones forming it are brought closer together.
Flow-through taxation
Financial profits and losses flow from the business directly to the investors. The business does not pay any taxes; rather, business profits are taxed on the investors’ individual tax return and losses can be utilized by the investors to offset other personal income.
Foramina
Holes or openings in a bone or between body cavities.
Force-couple relationship
A situation in which muscles work as a group to provide opposing, directional, or contralateral pulls to achieve balanced movement.
Fracture
Any break in the continuity of a bone, ranging from a simple crack to a severe shatter of the bone with multiple fracture fragments.
Franchise
A type of license that a party (franchisee) acquires to allow them to have access to a business’s (franchisor) proprietary knowledge, processes, and trademarks in order to allow the party to sell a product or provide a service under the business’s name.
Free radical
A chemical group that has unshared electrons available for a reaction. Free radicals can damage the integrity of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and have been implicated as a cause of cancers.
Frontal plane
A longitudinal section that runs at a right angle to the sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Frostbite
An injury caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissues. First the skin becomes very cold and red. then numb, hard and pale.
Fructose
Fruit sugar; the sweetest of the monosaccharides; found in varying levels in different types of fruits.
Gait
The manner or style of walking.
Ganglia
A group of nerve cell bodies usually located in the peripheral nervous system.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERO)
A chronic condition in which the lower esophageal sphincter allows gastric acids to reflux into the esophagus, causing heartburn, acid indigestion, and possible injury to the esophageal lining.
Gastrointestinal tract
A long hollow tube from mouth to anus where digestion and absorption occur.
