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Sid ACE Glossary (by end of Feb) > 2021ACE_Glossary_4 > Flashcards

2021ACE_Glossary_4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gemelli

A

Plural term for the gemellus inferior and superior, which are both posterior hip muscles that when activated contribute to external rotation of the femur in the acetabulum.

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2
Q

General partnership

A

A type of business arrangement in which each partner assumes management responsibility and unlimited liability and must have at least a 1 % interest in profit and loss.

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3
Q

General supervision

A

A method of supervision where the worker (or trainee) does not require the constant attendance of the supervisor (or trainer).

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4
Q

Genu valgum

A

A knock-knee deformity in which the angulation distal to the knee is away from the mid line of the body. Gestational diabetes mellitus An inability to maintain normal glucose, or any degree of glucose intolerance, during pregnancy, despite being treated with either diet or insulin.

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5
Q

Ghrelin

A

A hormone produced in the stomach that is responsible for stimulating appetite.

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6
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar: the form in which all carbohydrates are used as the body’s principal energy source.

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7
Q

Glycogen

A

The chief carbohydrate storage material; formed by the liver and stored in the liver and muscle.

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8
Q

Glycogen sparing

A

The use of noncarbohydrates as a source of energy during exercise so that the depletion of muscle glycogen stores is delayed. If fat, for example, makes a greater contribution to an athlete’s efforts during the initial stages of a race, more glycogen will be available for the later stages and muscle fatigue will be delayed.

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9
Q

Glycolysis

A

The breakdown of glucose or of its storage form glycogen.

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10
Q

Goal-setting theory

A

A theory of motivation developed by psychologists Edwin Locke and Gary Latham that identified a connection between the establishment of goals and task performance.

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11
Q

Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscle

A

A specialized mechanoreceptor located in the joint capsule responsible for detecting joint compression. Any weight-bearing activity stimulates these receptors.

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12
Q

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

A

A sensory organ within a tendon that, when stimulated, causes an inhibition of the entire muscle group to protect against too much force.

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13
Q

Green exercise

A

Exercise performed in natural environments.

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14
Q

Gross negligence

A

A form of negligence that is worse than normal negligence. Generally, a waiver clause cannot prevent a suit for gross negligence or for wanton or recklessness or intentional misconduct in any state or jurisdiction.

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15
Q

Ground reaction force

A

The force exerted by the ground on a body in contact with it.

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16
Q

Group waiver

A

Waiver that includes lines for multiple signatures.

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17
Q

Growth hormone

A

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that facilitates protein synthesis in the body.

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18
Q

Guiding style

A

A communication style in which the personal trainer helps to motivate, encourage, support, and assist a client in making a change; the personal trainer is engaged but the client is the main player.

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19
Q

Gynoid

A

Adipose tissue or body fat distributed on the hips and in the lower body (pear-shaped individuals).

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20
Q

Health belief model

A

A model to explain health-related behaviors that suggests that an individual’s decision to adopt healthy behaviors is based largely upon his or her perception of susceptibility to an illness and the probable severity of the illness. The person’s view of the benefits and costs of the change also are considered.

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21
Q

Health claim

A

A statement that describes a relationship between a food or food component and the prevention or treatment of a disease or health-related condition.

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22
Q

Health equity

A

A fair and equal opportunity for every individual to attain their highest level of health.

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23
Q

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

A

Enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1996, HIPAA requires the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to establish national standards for electronic health care information to facilitate efficient and secure exchange of private health data. The Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information (“Privacy Rule”), issued by the HHS, addresses the use and disclosure of individuals’ health information-called “protected health information”-by providing federal protections and giving patients an array of rights with respect to personal health information while permitting the disclosure of information needed for patient care and other important purposes.

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24
Q

Healthy Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern

A

One of three USDA Food Patterns featured in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans; modified from the Healthy U.S.Style Eating Pattern to more closely reflect eating patterns that have been associated with positive health outcomes in studies of Mediterranean-style diets.

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25
Q

Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern

A

One of three USDA Food Patterns featured in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans; based on the types and proportions of foods Americans typically consume, but in nutrientdense forms and appropriate amounts.

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26
Q

Healthy Vegetarian Eating Pattern

A

One of three USDA Food Patterns featured in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans; modified from the Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern to more closely reflect eating patterns reported by self-identified vegetarians.

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27
Q

Heart disease

A

A structural or functional abnormality of the heart or of the blood vessels supplying the heart that impairs its normal functioning.

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28
Q

Heart rate (HR)

A

The number of heartbeats per minute.

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29
Q

Heart-rate reserve (HRR)

A

The reserve capacity of the heart; the difference between maximal heart rate and resting heart rate. It reflects the heart’s ability to increase the rate of beating and cardiac output above resting level to maximal intensity.

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30
Q

Heat exhaustion

A

The most common heatrelated illness; usually the result of intense exercise in a hot, humid environment and characterized by profuse sweating, which results in fluid and electrolyte loss, a drop in blood pressure, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, decreased coordination, and often syncope (fainting).

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31
Q

Heat stroke

A

A medical emergency that is the most serious form of heat illness due to heat overload and/or impairment of the body’s ability to dissipate heat; characterized by high body temperature (> 104 F or 40 C). dry, red skin, altered level of consciousness, seizures, coma, and possibly death.

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32
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb)

A

The protein molecule in red blood cells specifically adapted to carry oxygen molecules (by bonding with them).

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33
Q

Hemoglobin AlC

A

The amount of hemoglobin with attached glucose over the preceding three months; a measure of longterm blood sugar control.

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34
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

The formation of blood cells.

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35
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Disruption of blood flow to the brain caused by the presence of a blood clot or hematoma.

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36
Q

Herniated disc

A

Rupture of the outer layers of fibers that surround the gelatinous portion of the disc.

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37
Q

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

A lipoprotein that carries excess cholesterol from the arteries to the liver.

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38
Q

High-intensity interval training (HIIT)

A

An exercise strategy alternating periods of short, intense anaerobic exercise with less-intense recovery periods.

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39
Q

Homeostasis

A

An internal state of physiological balance.

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40
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical substance produced and released by an endocrine gland and transported through the blood to a target organ.

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41
Q

HR turnpoint

A

The point during incremental aerobic exercise at which the heart rate no longer increases linearly, but rather shows a curvilinear response; also called the heart rate deflection point and is related to the onset of blood lactate accumulation.

42
Q

Hydrogen ion

A

Also known as a proton, a hydrogen ion is the nucleus of a hydrogen atom separated from it accompanying electron. In the context of exercise, hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood during times of vigorous exercise through hydrolysis when adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is broken down into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. One hydrogen ion is released each time an ATP molecule is split for energy.

43
Q

Hydrolysate

A

A product of hydrolysis, in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds.

44
Q

Hydrostatic weighing

A

Weighing a person fully submerged in water. The difference between the person’s mass in air and in water is used to calculate body density, which can be used to estimate the proportion of fat in the body.

45
Q

Hypercholesterolemia

A

An excess of cholesterol in the blood.

46
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

An abnormally high content of glucose (sugar) in the blood.

47
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

An excess of lipids in the blood that could be primary, as in disorders of lipid metabolism, or secondary, as in uncontrolled diabetes.

48
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure, or the elevation of resting blood pressure above 130/80 mmHg.

49
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Abnormally high body temperature.

50
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

A condition characterized by hyperactivity of the thyroid gland; the metabolic processes of the body are accelerated.

51
Q

Hypertonic

A

(1) Having extreme muscular tension; (2) Having a solute concentration that is greater than the concentration of human blood.

52
Q

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in the crosssectional size of a muscle in response to progressive muscular training.

53
Q

Hyperventilation

A

A greater-than-normal rate of breathing that results in an abnormal loss of carbon dioxide fron1 the blood; dizziness may occur.

54
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

A deficiency of glucose in the blood commonly caused by too much insulin, too little glucose, or too much exercise. Most commonly found in the insulin-dependent diabetic and characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, confusion, headache, nausea, or anxiety.

55
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Abnormally low levels of sodium ions circulating in the blood; severe hyponatremia can lead to brain swelling and death.

56
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure.

57
Q

Hypothalamus

A

An organ in the brain situated below the thalamus that coordinates both autonomic nervous system function and pituitary activity.

58
Q

Hypothermia

A

Abnormally low body temperature.

59
Q

lliotibial band (IT band) friction syndrome

A

A repetitive overuse condition that occurs when the distal portion of the iliotibial band rubs against the lateral femoral epicondyle.

60
Q

Impingement syndrome

A

Reduction of space for the supraspinatus muscle and/or the long head of the biceps tendon to pass under the anterior edge of the acromion and coracoacromial ligament; attributed to muscle hypertrophy and inflammation caused by microtraumas.

61
Q

Implied partnership

A

A partnership lacking a written agreement, but in which the parties involved conduct business like a partnership.

62
Q

Independent activities of daily living

A

Activities often performed by a person who is living independently in a community setting during the course of a normal day, such as managing money, shopping, telephone use, traveling within the community, housekeeping, preparing meals, and taking medications correctly.

63
Q

Independent contractor

A

A person who conducts business on his or her own on a contract basis and is not an employee of an organization.

64
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

A method used to predict resting metabolic rate. Since oxygen is used in the metabolic process to create energy, a person’s metabolic rate can be determined by measuring how much oxygen he or she consumes when breathing.

65
Q

lnextensibility

A

The property of a tissue that makes it unable to be extended; tissues (e.g., ligaments) contribute to limiting the range of motion of a joint when they are inextensible.

66
Q

Inferior

A

Located below.

67
Q

Inflammation

A

A protective tissue response to injury or destruction of tissues, which serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissues; classic signs include pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

68
Q

Informed consent

A

A written statement signed by a client prior to testing that informs him or her of testing purposes, processes, and all potential risks and discomforts.

69
Q

Inherent risk

A

Risks that can occur through normal participation in the stated activity. Inherent risks can only be avoided by declining to participate.

70
Q

Insomnia

A

Inability to sleep; abnormal wakefulness.

71
Q

Inspiration

A

The drawing of air into the lungs; inhalation.

72
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone released from the pancreas that allows cells to take up glucose.

73
Q

Insulin resistance

A

An inability of muscle tissue to effectively use insulin, where the action of insulin is “resisted” by insulinsensitive tissues.

74
Q

Insulin sensitivity

A

The degree of sensitivity of a receptor site on a tissue cell for insulin, which functions to allow glucose to enter the cell.

75
Q

Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL)

A

Formed from the degradation of very low-density lipoproteins; enables fats and cholesterol to move within the bloodstream.

76
Q

Intermittent claudication

A

Muscle pain (e.g., ache, cramp, numbness, or sense of fatigue), classically in the calf 111uscle, which occurs during exercise, such as walking, and is relieved by a short period of rest.

77
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid between the cells or body parts.

78
Q

Intrinsic feedback

A

Feedback provided by the clients themselves; the most important type of feedback for long-term program adherence.

79
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Motivation that comes from internal states, such as enjoyment or personal satisfaction.

80
Q

Inversion

A

Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface inward; occurs in the frontal plane.

81
Q

Ion

A

A single atom or small molecule containing a net positive or negative charge due to an excess of either protons (positive) or electrons (negative).

82
Q

lschemia

A

A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels.

83
Q

lschemic stroke

A

A sudden disruption of cerebral circulation in which blood supply to the brain is either interrupted or diminished.

84
Q

Isometric

A

A type of muscular action in which the muscle is stimulated to generate tension but little or no joint movement occurs.

85
Q

Ketosis

A

An abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the body; usually the result of a low-carbohydrate diet, fasting, or starvation.

86
Q

Keyman insurance

A

Insurance that compensates a company for the loss of a representative of the company who was performing unique and valuable functions.

87
Q

Kinetic chain

A

The concept that joints and segments have an effect on one another during movement.

88
Q

Knowledge of results

A

The motivational impact of feedback provided to a person learning a new task or behavior indicating the outcomes of performance.

89
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

Five different sounds created by the pulsing of the blood through the brachia! artery; proper distinction of the sounds is necessary to determine blood pressure.

90
Q

Kyphosis

A

Excessive posterior curvature of the spine, typically seen in the thoracic region.

91
Q

Lactate

A

A chemical derivative of lactic acid, which is formed when sugars are broken down for energy without the presence of oxygen.

92
Q

Lactate threshold

A

The point during exercise of increasing intensity at which blood lactate begins to accurnulate above resting levels, where lactate clearance is no longer able to keep up with lactate production.

93
Q

Lactose

A

A disaccharide; the principal sugar found in milk.

94
Q

Lapse

A

An expected slip or mistake that is usually a discreet event and is a normal part of the behavior-change process.

95
Q

Larynx

A

The organ of the voice; located between the trachea and the base of the tongue.

96
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body, or the outside.

97
Q

Lateral epicondylitis

A

An injury resulting from the repetitive overloading of the wrist and finger extensors that originate at the lateral epicondyle; often referred to as “tennis elbow.”

98
Q

Laxity

A

Lacking in strength, firmness, or resilience; joints that have been injured or overstretched may exhibit laxity.

99
Q

Lean body mass

A

The components of the body (apart from fat), including muscles, bones, nervous tissue, skin, blood, and organs.

100
Q

Length-tension relationship

A

Refers to the relationship between the length of the sarcomere or muscle fiber and the ability to produce force/tension. An optimal length of the muscle fiber for producing force exists. Lengths that are above or below this optimal length result in reduced force production when stimulated.

Sid ACE Glossary (by end of Feb) (8 decks)

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