2021ACE_Glossary_6 Flashcards
Osteopenia
A disorder in which bone density is below average, classified as 1.5 to 2.5 standard deviations below peak bone density.
Osteoporosis
A disorder, primarily affecting postmenopausal women, in which bone mineral density decreases and susceptibility to fractures increases.
Outcome goal
A goal that can be assessed via a measured outcome [e.g., weight loss of 5 pounds (2.3 kg)].
Overfat
The presence of excess body fat that can impair health, even for normal weight non-obese individuals.
Overload
The principle that a physiological system subjected to above-normal stress will respond by increasing in strength or function accordingly.
Overtraining syndrome
The result of constant intense training that does not provide adequate time for recovery; symptoms include increased resting heart rate, impaired physical performance, reduced enthusiasm and desire for training, increased incidence of injuries and illness, altered appetite, disturbed sleep patterns, and irritability.
Overuse condition
Refers to a state of repetitive movements and faulty body mechanics leading to excessive forces being applied beyond what tissues can normally withstand and. over time, may lead to overuse 1nJunes.
Overuse injury
An injury caused by activity that places too much stress on one area of the body over an extended period.
Overweight
A term to describe an excessive amount of weight for a given height, using height-to-weight ratios.
Oxidation
Process of oxidizing, or the addition of oxygen to a compound with a resulting loss of electrons.
Oxygen uptake (V02 )
The process by which oxygen is used to produce energy for cellular work.
Pacinian corpuscle
A specialized bulblike mechanoreceptor located in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin responsible for detecting pressure; occur abundantly in the skin of palms, soles, and joints.
Palpation
The use of hands and/or fingers to detect anatomical structures or an arterial pulse (e.g., carotid pulse).
Palpitation
A rapid and irregular heartbeat.
Parasympathetic nervous system
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is involved in regulating the routine functions of the body, such as heartbeat, digestion, and sleeping. Opposes the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system (e.g., stirnulates digestive secretions, slows the heart, constricts the pupils. and dilates blood vessels).
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Attacks of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occur at night.
Partial pressure
The pressure of each gas in a multiple gas system, such as air, which is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and CO2
Partnership
A business entity in which two or more people agree to operate a business and share profits and losses.
Passive recovery
Complete rest; no activity at all.
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS)
A degenerative condition of the posterior surface of the patella, which may result from acute injury to the patella or from chronic friction between the patella and the groove in the femur through which it passes during motion of the knee.
Peptide YY
A satiety hormone that is released from the intestines.
Perceived seriousness
An individual’s feelings regarding the severity associated with developing an illness or disease. This is one of the four constructs of the health belief model.
Perceived susceptibility
An individual’s perception of the risk of personal vulnerability to illness or disease. This is one of the four constructs of the health belief model.
Percent daily value (POV)
A replacement for the percent Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) on the newer food labels. Gives information on whether a food item has a significant amount of a particular nutrient based on a 2,000-calorie diet.
Performance goal
A goal that represents change in a measurable variable, such as increases in strength scores, reductions in resting heart rate, or weight loss.
Perfusion
The passage of fluid through a tissue, such as the transport of blood through vessels from the heart to internal organs and other tissues.
Perimysium
A sheath of connective tissue that covers a bundle of muscle fibers.
Periodization
The systematic application of overload through the pre-planned variation of program components to optimize gains in strength (or any specific component of fitness), while preventing overuse, staleness, overtraining, and plateaus.
Periosteum
A double-layered connective tissue sheath surrounding the outer surface THE EXERCISE PROFESSIONAL’S GUIDE TO PERSONAL TRAINING of the diaphysis of a long bone; serves to cover and nourish the bone.
Periostitis
Inflammation of the membrane of connective tissue that closely surrounds a bone.
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
Any disease caused by the obstruction of large peripheral arteries, which can result from atherosclerosis, inflammatory processes leading to stenosis, an embolism, or thrombus formation.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The parts of the nervous system that are outside the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).
Peripheral resistance
The resistance of the arteries to blood flow. As the arteries constrict, the resistance increases; as they dilate, resistance decreases.
Peripheral vascular disease
A painful and often debilitating condition, characterized by muscular pain caused by ischemia to the working muscles. The ischemic pain is usually due to atherosclerotic blockages or arterial spasms, referred to as claudication. Also called peripheral vascular occlusive disease (PVOD).
Peripheral vasoconstriction
The narrowing of blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly in the periphery of the body (limbs).
Peripheral vasodilation
The widening of the blood vessels (vasodilation) of the peripheral vasculature in the systemic circulation.
Person-centered care
Healthcare services that are tailored to individuals’ needs and provided in partnership with them.
Pes cavus
High arches of the feet.
Pes planus
Flat feet.
Pharynx
The muscular membranous tube extending from the base of the skull to the esophagus.
Phosphagen
High-energy phosphate compounds found in muscle tissue, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate, that can be broken down for immediate use by the cells.
Phosphagen energy system
A system of transfer of chemical energy from the breakdown of creatine phosphate to regenerate adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Physical Activity
Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+) A brief, selfadministered medical questionnaire recognized as a safe pre-exercise screening measure for low-to-moderate (but not vigorous) exercise training.
Physical inactivity
Not meeting the recommended levels of regular physical activity.
Physical literacy
The development off undamental movement skills and fundamental sport skills that permit a child to move confidently and with control in a wide range of physical activity, rhythmic (dance), and sport situations.
Physical therapist
A healthcare provider specializing in treatments that help restore function, improve mobility, relieve pain, and prevent or limit permanent physical disabilities in patients of all ages suffering from medical problems, injuries, diseases, disabilities, or other health-related conditions.
Physically active
Meeting the recommended levels of regular physical activity.
Physically inactive
Not getting any moderate- or vigorous-intensity physical activity beyond basic movement from daily life activities.
Phytochemical
A biologically active, non-nutrient component found in plants; includes antioxidants.
Piriformis syndrome
A neuromuscular condition characterized by hip and buttock American Council on Exercise GLOSSARY pain (and potentially leg pain) caused by the piriformis muscles compressing the sciatic nerve.
Planes of motion
The conceptual planes in which the body moves; called the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes; often used as a way to describe anatomical movement.
Plantar fasciitis
Inflammation of the plantar fascia, a broad band of connective tissue running along the sole of the foot; caused by stretching or tearing the tissue, usually near the attachment at the heel.
Plantar flexion
Distal movement of the plantar surface of the foot; opposite of dorsiflexion.
Plant-based diet
An eating pattern that emphasizes the consumption of whole, minimally processed foods derived primarily from plants, including vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes; also referred to as a whole food, plant-based diet.
Plasma
The liquid portion of the blood.
Plasticity
Capable of undergoing continuous deformation without rupture or relaxation.
Platelet
One of the disc-shaped components of the blood; involved in clotting.
Plyometrics
High-intensity movements, such as jumping, involving high-force loading of body weight during the landing phase of the movement that take advantage of the stretch-shortening cycle.
Polyunsaturated fat
A type of unsaturated fat (liquid at room temperature) that has two or more spots on the fatty acid available for hydrogen (e.g., corn, safflower, and soybean oils).
Portion
The amount of a food or beverage consumed by an individual in one sitting.
Positive reinforcement
The presentation of a positive stimulus following a desired behavior. This increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
Posterior
Toward the back or dorsal side.
Posterior chain
A group of muscles, tendons, and ligaments on the posterior kinetic chain of the body (e.g., biceps femoris, gluteus maxi mus, erector spinae, trapezius, and posterior deltoids).
Posterior shin splints
An overuse injury that occurs in the active population. This is an exercise-induced condition that is often triggered by a sudden change in activity and has been associated with pes planus.
Post-exercise hypotension
Acute postexercise reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Postprandial lipemia (PPL)
The transient excess of lipids in the blood occurring after the ingestion of foods with a large content of fat; hyperlipemia.
Posture
The arrangement of the body and its limbs.
Power
The capacity to move with a combination of speed and force; a skillrelated component of physical fitness.
Precontemplation
The stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change during which the individual is not intending to change within the next six months.
Prediabetes
The state in which some but not all of the diagnostic criteria for diabetes are met (e.g., blood glucose levels are higher than normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes).
Preeclampsia
A pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system. most often the liver and kidneys. Usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had been normal.
Preparation
The stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change during which the individual is getting ready to make a change.
Previously physically inactive
Describes an individual who previously was not meeting the recommendations for regular physical activity.
Primary hypertension
See Essential hypertension.
Prime mover
A muscle responsible for a specific movement. Also called an agonist.
Process goal
A goal a person achieves by doing something, such as completing an exercise session or attending a talk on stress management.
Product liability insurance
Insurance that covers damages occurring due to product failure.
Professional liability insurance
Insurance to protect a personal trainer against professional negligence or failure to perform as a competent and prudent professional would under similar circumstances.
Pronation
Internal rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna and the palm to face posteriorly.
Prone
Lying flat, with the anterior aspect of the body facing downward.
Proprioception
Sensation and awareness of body position and movements.
Proprioceptive nervous system
A combination of the vestibular (eyes and inner ears), subcutaneous (beneath and within the skin), and kinesthetic (muscles and joints) sensors that enables an individual to determine body position and its movement 1n space.
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)
A method of promoting the response of neuromuscular mechanisms through the stimulation of proprioceptors in an attempt to gain more stretch in a muscle; often referred to as a contract/relax method of stretching.
Proprioceptor
Somatic sensory receptor in muscles, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules, and skin that gathers information about body position and the direction and velocity of movement.
Protected health information
Health data created, received, stored, or transmitted by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)- covered entities and their business associates in relation to the provision of healthcare, healthcare operations, and payment for healthcare seNices. Protected health information includes individually identifiable health information, including demographic data, medical histories, test results, insurance information, and other information used to identify clients or provide healthcare seNices or healthcare coverage. ‘Protected’ means the information is protected under the HIPAA Privacy Rule.
Protein
A compound composed of a combination 20 amino acids that is the major structural component of all body tissue.
Proton
In bioenergetics, refers to a hydrogen ion.
Proximal
Nearest to the mid line of the body or point of origin of a muscle.
Pulmonary circuit
The circulatory vessels of the lungs; involved in the circulation of blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart.
Pulmonary ventilation
The total volume of gas inspired or expired per minute.
Punishment
The presentation of aversive stimuli following any behavior, good or bad. Decreases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
Quickness
The quality of moving fast.
Radiation
Heat transferred from one body to another which are not in contact, such as heat transferring from the sun to a roof.
Radiculopathy
Dysfunction of a nerve root that can cause numbness or tingling, muscle weakness or loss of reflex associated with that nerve.
Range of motion (ROM)
The number of degrees that an articulation will allow one of its segments to move.
Rapport
A relationship marked by mutual understanding and trust.
Rating of perceived exertion (RPE)
A scale, originally developed by noted Swedish psychologist Gunnar Borg, that provides a standard means for evaluating a participant’s perception of exercise effort. The original scale ranged from 6 to 20; a revised category ratio scale ranges from Oto 10.
Reaction time
The amount of time required to respond to a stimulus; a skill-related component of physical fitness.
Reactivity
The ability to rapidly respond to stimuli; generally, includes the time needed to process sensory information, plus the time needed to generate and execute the appropriate motor response.
Readiness to change
A reference to how likely someone is to make a behavioral change based on their current stage of change (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, or maintenance) according to the transtheoretical model of behavior change.
