2021ACE_Glossary_5 Flashcards
Leptin
A hormone released from fat cells that acts on the hypothalamus to regulate energy intake. Low leptin levels stimulate hunger and subsequent fat consumption.
Lever
A rigid bar that rotates around a fixed support (fulcrum) in response to an applied force.
Liability
Legal responsibility.
Licensee
Any business, organization, or individual that has been granted legal permission by another entity to engage in an activity.
Lifestyle and health-history questionnaire
A type of form utilized by personal trainers and healthcare professionals that gathers an individual’s personal medical information, family health history, and individual health behaviors.
Ligament
A strong, fibrous tissue that connects one bone to another.
Limited liability company (LLC)
A company that limits investors’ personal financial and legal liabilities but provides flow-through taxation for investors. It is not limited to a certain number of shareholders and owners do not have to be U.S. citizens.
Limited liability partnership (LLP)
A partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) have limited liability; exhibits elements of both partnerships and corporations.
Limited partner
An individual who retains no legal liability beyond his or her initial investment and does not have any formal input regarding partnership operations.
Line of gravity
A theoretical vertical line passing through the center of gravity, dissecting the body into two hemispheres.
Linear periodization
A form of periodization used in resistance training that provides a consistent training protocol within each microcycle and changes the training variables after each microcycle.
Lipid
The name for fats used in the body and bloodstream.
Lipoprotein
An assembly of a lipid and protein that serves as a transport vehicle for fatty acids and cholesterol in the blood and lymph.
Locus of control
The degree to which people attribute outcomes to internal factors, such as effort and ability, as opposed to external factors, such as luck or the actions of others. People who tend to attribute events and outcomes to internal factors are said to have an internal locus of control, while those who generally attribute outcomes to external factors are said to have an external locus of control.
Lordosis
Excessive anterior curvature of the spine that typically occurs at the low back (may also occur at the neck).
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver and small intestine to cells and tissues; high levels may cause atherosclerosis.
Macrocycle
The longest timeframe in a periodized training program, usually a period of six months to one year. The goals of a macrocycle are long-term and require multiple steps to be achieved.
Macronutrient
A nutrient that is needed in large quantities for normal growth and development.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A diagnostic modality in which the patient is placed within a strong magnetic field and the effect of high-frequency radio waves on water molecules within the tissues is recorded. High-speed computers are used to analyze the absorption of radio waves and create a cross-sectional image based upon the variation in tissue signal.
Maintenance
The stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change during which the individual is incorporating the new behavior into his or her lifestyle and has been doing so for more than six months.
Malignant
Pertaining to a cancerous tumor characterized by progressive and uncontrolled growth.
Maximal heart rate (MHR)
The highest heart rate a person can attain. Sometimes abbreviated as HRmax.
Maximal oxygen uptake (V02max)
The maximum capacity for the body to take in, transport, and use oxygen during exercise; a common indicator of physical fitness.
Mechanism of injury
The manner in which a physical injury occurred. Describes how energy is transferred to an individual and results in an injury.
Medial epicondylitis
An injury that results from an overload of the wrist flexors and forearm pronators. Sometimes called golfer’s elbow.
Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)
Inflammation of the periosteum (connective tissue covering of the bone). Often induced by a sudden change in activity and has been associated with pes planus.
Mediastinum
The portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
Medical nutrition therapy
Disease management through nutritional diagnostic, therapy, and counseling services provided by a registered dietitian or nutrition professional.
Mediterranean-style eating plan
An eating plan generally characterized by increased consumption of olive oil, complex carbohydrates, vegetables, and fish, and decreased red meat and pork consumption.
Meissner’s corpuscle
A specialized mechanoreceptor located in the superficial aspect of the skin responsible for detecting light touch; occur abundantly in the skin of the fingertips, palms, soles, lips, tongue, and face.
Menisci
The plural form of meniscus; cartilage disks that act as a cushion between the ends of bones that meet in the knee joint.
Mesocycle
The mid-length timeframe of a periodized training program, usually two weeks to a few months long. The goals of a mesocycle are designed to be steps on the way to the overall goal of the macrocycle.
Metabolic equivalents (METs)
A simplified system for classifying physical activities where one MET is equal to the resting oxygen consumption, which is approximately 3.5 milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute (3.5 mUkg/min).
Metabolic syndrome (MetS)
A cluster of factors associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease and diabetesabdomina I obesity indicated by a waist circumference ;z:40 inches (102 cm) in men and >35 inches (88 cm) in women; levels of triglyceride >150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L); highdensity lipoprotein levels <40 and 50 mg/dL (1.0 and 1.3 mmol/L) in men and women, respectively; blood-pressure levels > 130/85 mmHg; and fasting blood glucose levels ;z:110 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L).
Metabolite
Any substance produced during metabolism.
Metastasize
To spread to other sites in the body.
Micelle
An aggregate of lipid- and water-soluble compounds in which the hydrophobic portions are oriented toward the center and the hydrophilic portions are oriented outwardly.
Microcycle
The shortest timeframe in a periodized training program, usually one to four weeks long. The goals of a microcycle are short-term and are designed to be steps on the way to the overall goal of the mesocycle.
Micronutrient
A nutrient that is needed in small quantities for normal growth and development.
Mineral
An inorganic substance needed in the diet in small amounts to help regulate bodily functions.
Minority partner
A partner holding less than 50% of the company’s ownership shares.
Minute ventilation
(V el A measure of the amount of air that passes through the lungs in one minute: calculated as the tidal volume multiplied by the ventilatory rate.
Mitochondria
The “power plant” of the cells where aerobic metabolism occurs.
Mobility
The degree to which an articulation is allowed to move before being restricted by surrounding tissues.
Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT)
Exercise performed continuously at a moderate intensity (50- 75% of V02max, 50-75% of heart-rate reserve, or 50-80% of maximal heart rate).
Monocarboxylate transport (MCT) proteins
Proteins acting as carriers for lactate, pyruvate, and ketone bodies.
Monounsaturated fat
A type of unsaturated fat (liquid at room temperature) that has one open spot on the fatty acid for the addition of a hydrogen atom (e.g., oleic acid in olive oil).
Morbidity
The disease rate; the ratio of sick to well persons in a community.
Mortality
The death rate; the ratio of deaths that take place to expected deaths.
Motivational interviewing (Ml)
A person-centered conversation style that encourages clients to honestly examine THE EXERCISE PROFESSIONAL’S GUIDE TO PERSONAL TRAINING beliefs and behaviors, and that motivates clients to make a decision to change a particular behavior.
Motor learning
The process of acquiring and improving motor skills.
Motor unit
A motor nerve and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates.
Muscle spindle
The sensory organ within a muscle that is sensitive to stretch and thus protects the muscle against too much stretch.
Muscular endurance
The ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force against a resistance over a sustained period of time: a health-related component of physical fitness.
Muscular fitness
Having appropriate levels of both muscular strength and muscular endurance.
Muscular strength
The maximal force a muscle or muscle group can exert during contraction; a health-related component of physical fitness.
Myelin
The fatty insulation of nerve fibers that is important for the conduction of nerve impulses. These fibers are damaged in individuals with multiple sclerosis.
Myocardial infarction (Ml)
An episode in which some of the heart’s blood supply is severely cut off or restricted, causing the heart muscle to suffer and die from lack of oxygen. Commonly known as a heart attack.
Myocardial ischemia
The result of an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, most often caused by atherosclerotic plaques that narrow and sometimes completely block the blood supply to the heart.
Myofibril
The portion of the muscle containing the thick (myosin) and thin (actin) contractile filaments: a series of sarcomeres where the repeating pattern of the contractile proteins gives the striated appearance to skeletal muscle.
Myofibrillar hypertrophy
The increase in the size of muscle cells (myofibrils).
Myoglobin
A compound similar to hemoglobin, which aids in the storage and transport of oxygen in the muscle cells.
Myosin
Thick contractile protein in a myofibril.
Near-infrared interactance
Bodycomposition assessment method that involves the use of light absorption and reflection to estimate percent fat and percent fat-free mass. It is based on the principle that body fat absorbs light while lean body mass reflects light.
Negative affect
A broad concept that can be summarized as feelings of emotional distress. More specifically, it is a construct that is defined by the common variance between anxiety, sadness, fear, anger, guilt, shame, irritability, and other unpleasant emotions.
Negative feedback loop
A bodily reaction that causes a decrease in function because of some kind of stimulus.
Negative reinforcement
The removal or absence of aversive stimuli following a desired behavior. This increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
Negligence
Failure of a person to perform as a reasonable and prudent professional would perform under similar circumstances.
Nervous system
A complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that collect information about conditions in relation to the body’s external state and transmit signals between different parts of the body.
Neurological inhibition
The suppression of normal nervous system function, often leading to jerkiness and erratic movement patterns and sequences.
Neuromotor
Involving motor skills such as agility, gait, coordination, and balance. Neuromotor training is sometimes referred to as balance training.
Neuromuscular efficiency
The ability of the neuromuscular system to allow muscles that produce movement and muscles that provide stability to work together synergistically as an integrated functional unit.
Neuromuscular junction
The site at which a motor neuron transmits information to a muscle fiber.
Neuromuscular system
The nervous and muscular systems, which work together to control, direct, and allow movement of the body.
Neuron
The basic anatomical unit of the nervous system; the nerve cell.
Neurotransmitter
A chemical substance such as acetylcholine or dopamine that transmits nerve impulses across synapses.
Niacin
A B vitamin found in meat, wheat germ, dairy products, and yeast; used to treat and prevent pellagra.
Noncommunicable disease (NCD)
A medical condition or disease that is noninfectious and non-transmissible among people.
Non-contact injury
Refers to an injury that occurs through a non-contact mechanism and is not the result of contact from another person or piece of equipment. These injuries may be the result of compressive forces, ground reaction forces, muscular imbalances, impingement, overuse, and alignment of the body.
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
Physiological processes that produce heat; a relative newly discovered component of energy expenditure.
Non-HDL
Cholesterol other than highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) circulating in the blood.
Nonshivering thermogenesis
Generation or production of heat, especially by physiological processes.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
A drug with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The term “nonsteroidal” is used to distinguish these drugs from steroids, which have similar actions.
Norepinephrine
A hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise.
Nutrient
A component of food needed by the body. There are six classes of nutrients: water, minerals, vitamins, fats, carbohydrates, and protein.
Nutrient content claim
Statement of the implied health benefits of a product that describes the level of a nutrient in a product using terms like “free,” “high,” or “low,” or compared to another product using terms like “more,” “reduced,” and “lite.” OARS A tool used to explore a client’s values; stands for Open-ended questions, Affirmations, Reflections, and Summarizing. Obesity An excessive accumulation of body fat. Usually defined as more than 20% above ideal weight, or over 25% body fat for men and over 32% body fat for women; also can be defined as a body mass index of >30 kg/m2 or a waist girth of >40 inches (102 cm) in men and >35 inches (89 cm) 1n women.
Obesogenic
An environment that tends to generate or create a state of obesity.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
A condition in which breathing stops for more than 10 seconds during sleep due to part of the airway being closed off while a person is trying to inhale during sleep.
Occupational therapist
A healthcare provider specializing in treatments that help people who suffer from mentally, physically, developmentally, or emotionally THE EXERCISE PROFESSIONAL’S GUIDE TO PERSONAL TRAINING disabling conditions to develop, recover, or maintain daily living and work skills that include improving basic motor functions and reasoning abilities.
Omega-3 fatty acid
An essential fatty acid that promotes a healthy immune system and helps protect against heart disease and other diseases; found in egg yolk and cold water fish and shellfish like tuna, salmon, mackerel, cod, crab, shrimp, and oyster. Also known as linolenic acid.
One-repetition maximum (1-RM)
The amount of resistance that can be moved through the range of motion one time before the muscle is temporarily fatigued.
Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)
The point in time during highintensity exercise at which the production of lactic acid exceeds the body’s capacity to eliminate it; after this point, oxygen is insufficient at meeting the body’s demands for energy. Also referred to as the second ventilatory threshold (VT2).
Open-ended question
A question that does not allow for a simple one-word answer (yes/no); designed to encourage a full, meaningful answer using the subject’s own knowledge and/or feelings.
Open-kinetic-chain exercise
Exercises in which the distal end of a limb (kinetic chain) is free to move. Examples of openkinetic- chain exercises include the seated leg extension and biceps curl with dumbbells. Typically, these movements involve isolated, single-joint movements.
Operant conditioning
A learning approach that considers the manner in which behaviors are influenced by their consequences.
Orthopnea
Form of dyspnea in which the person can breathe comfortably only when standing or sitting erect; associated with asthma, emphysema, and angina.
Orthostatic hypotension
A drop in blood pressure associated with rising to an upright position.
Osteoarthritis (OA)
A degenerative disease involving a wearing away of joint cartilage. This degenerative joint disease occurs chiefly in older persons.
Osteoblast
A bone-forming cell.
Osteoclast
A cell that reabsorbs or erodes bone mineral.
