2021ACE_Glossary_7 Flashcards
Reciprocal inhibition
The reflex inhibition of the motor neurons of antagonists when the agonists are contracted.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
The levels of intake of essential nutrients that, on the basis of scientific knowledge, are judged by the Food and Nutrition Board to be adequate to meet the known needs of practically all healthy persons.
Reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT)
A modified form of THE EXERCISE PROFESSIONAL’S GUIDE TO PERSONAL TRAINING high-intensity interval training (HIIT) that shortens the traditional HIIT workout by using fewer and shorter sprints, though those sprints are at a supra-maximal intensity.
Reflective listening
A communication strategy that involves paying respectful attention to the content and feeling expressed by a speaker.
Registered dietitian (RD)
A food and nutrition expert who has met the following criteria: completed a minimum of a bachelor’s degree at a U.S. accredited university, or other college coursework approved by the Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics Education (CADE); completed a CADE-accredited supeNised practice program; passed a national examination; and completed continuing education requirements to maintain registration.
Relapse
In behavioral change, the return of an original problem after many lapses (i.e., slips or mistakes) have occurred.
Relatedness
A sense of belonging and connectedness with others; one of the three basic psychological needs that influence motivation, according to selfdetermination theory.
Relative strength
The ratio of the amount of weight lifted to the total body weight of the person. It can be used to compare the strength of different individuals.
Relaxin
A hormone of pregnancy that relaxes the pelvic ligaments and other connective tissue in the body.
Remodeling
A phase of healing that begins three to six weeks after the onset of an injury and can last for one year or more, during which the tissue attempts to restore structure and increase the strength of scar tissue.
Rescue medication
Quick-relief or fast-acting inhaled medications taken by individuals with asthma to quickly stop symptoms.
Residual volume (RV)
The volume of air remaining in the lungs following a maximal expiration.
Respiratory compensation threshold
See Second ventilatory threshold (VT2).
Respondeat superior
A legal doctrine wherein the actions of an employee can subject the employer to liability; Latin for “Let the master answer.” Resting energy expenditure (REE) The amount of energy expended at rest; represents 60 to 75% of the body’s total energy expenditure.
Resting heart rate (RHR)
The number of heartbeats per minute when the body is at complete rest; usually counted first thing in the morning before any physical activity.
Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
The number of calories expended per unit time at rest; measured early in the morning after an overnight fast and at least eight hours of sleep; approximated with various formulas.
Reversibility
The principle of exercise training that suggests that any improvement in physical fitness due to physical activity is entirely reversible with the discontinuation of the training program.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of connective tissues and joints.
Riboflavin
A yellow, water-soluble, 8 vitamin that occurs in green vegetables, germinating seeds, and in milk, fish, egg yolk, liver, and kidney; essential for the carbohydrate metabolism of cells.
RICE
An immediate treatment for injury: Stands for Rest or Restricted activity, Ice, Compression, and Elevation.
Rider
Specific additions to a standard insurance policy.
Righting reflex
The tendency to give advice, push recommendations, and offer solutions; makes sustainable behavior change less likely for a client who is ambivalent about change.
Risk factor
A characteristic, inherited trait, or behavior related to the presence or development of a condition or disease.
Risk management
Minimizing the risks of potential legal liability.
Royalty
A payment made to the owner of a copyright, patent, or trademark in exchange for use of the protected intellectual property; typically a percentage of each sale.
Sagittal plane
The longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left portions.
SAID principle
A training principle that states that the body will adapt to the specific challenges imposed upon it, as long as the program progressively overloads the system being trained; SAID stands for “specific adaptation to imposed demands.” Sarcomere The basic functional unit of the myofibril containing the contractile proteins that generate skeletal muscle movements.
Sarcopenia
Decreased muscle mass; often used to refer specifically to an agerelated decline in muscle mass or leanbody tissue.
Sarcoplasm
A gelatin-like tissue surrounding the sarcomere.
Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy
An increase in muscle size due to an increase in the volume of sarcoplasmic fluid as a result of high-repetition weight-lifting sets. See Transient hypertrophy.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
The form of endoplasmic reticulum where calcium is stored to be used for muscle activation; located in striated muscle fibers.
Satiety
A feeling of fullness.
Saturated fat
A fatty acid that contains no double bonds between carbon atoms; typically solid at room temperature and very stable.
Scapulohumeral rhythm
Combined action of scapular and humeral movement. For every 2 degrees of humeral motion, 1 degree of scapular motion takes places throughout the available range of motion for flexion/ extension and abduction/adduction.
Scoliosis
Excessive lateral curvature of the spine.
Scope of practice
The range and limit of responsibilities normally associated with a specific job or profession.
Secondary hypertension
Hypertension resulting from an identifiable cause.
Second ventilatory threshold (VT2)
A metabolic marker that represents the point at which high-intensity exercise can no longer be sustained due to an accumulation of lactate.
Second-impact syndrome
A condition in which an individual experiences a second head injury before complete recovery from an initial head injury Sedentary Doing or requiring much sitting; minimal activity.
Self-determination theory
A psychological theory suggesting that people need to feel competent, autonomous, and connected to others in the many domains of life.
Self-efficacy
One’s perception of his or her ability to change or to perform specific behaviors (e.g., exercise).
Self-myofascial release
The act of rolling one’s own body on a round foam roll or other training tool, massaging away restrictions to normal soft-tissue extensibility. Serving The amount of food used as a reference on the nutrition label of that food; the recommended portion of food to be eaten.
Shearing force
Any force that causes slippage between a pair of contiguous joints or tissues in a direction that parallels the plane in which they contact.
Shin splint
A general term for any pain or discomfort on the front or side of the lower leg in the region of the shin bone (tibia).
Shivering
A rapid, involuntary cycle of contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles, which can increase the body’s rate of heat production by four to five times.
Simple carbohydrate
A short chain of sugar that is rapidly digested.
Skeletal muscle
A type of voluntary, striated muscle tissue attached to the skeleton that provides movement at the joints when it contracts.
Skeletal muscle milieu
The biochemical substances that make up the setting in which skeletal muscles are located.
Slow-twitch muscle fiber
A muscle fiber type designed for use of aerobic glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, recruited for lowintensity, longer-duration activities such as walking and swimming.
Small intestine
The part of the gastrointestinal system that is the site of the majority of food digestion and absorption.
SMART goal
A properly designed goal; SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-bound.
Smooth muscle
A type of involuntary, nonstriated muscle tissue responsible for the contractility of hollow organs, such as the blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, bladder, or uterus.
SOAP note
A communication tool used among healthcare professionals; SOAP stands for Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan.
Social cognitive theory
A behavior-change theory that posits that all health behaviors THE EXERCISE PROFESSIONAL’S GUIDE TO PERSONAL TRAINING are goal-driven through anticipation of outcomes.
Social support
The perceived comfort, caring, esteem, or help an individual receives from other people.
Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC)
A performing rights organization designed to represent songwriters and publishers and their right to be compensated for having their music performed in public.
Socio-ecological model
A framework that examines interrelationships between individuals and the environments in which they live and work, as well as the many levels at which individuals are influenced, both in terms of support for health behaviors and barriers to improving health behavior.
Sole proprietorship
A business owned and operated by one person.
Somatic nervous system
Division of the peripheral nervous system that conducts signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (afferent signals) and signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles (efferent signals).
Somatosensory system
The physiological system relating to the perception of sensory stimuli from the skin and internal organs.
Specific supervision
A method of supervision where the worker (or trainee) requires direct involvement of the supervisor (or trainer).
Specificity
Exercise training principle explaining that specific exercise demands made on the body produce specific responses by the body; also called exercise specificity.
Speed
Rate of movement; a skill-related component of physical fitness.
Speed-endurance
The ability of an individual to maintain maximal velocity over an extended time period.
Speed-strength
The ability to develop force at high velocities.
Sprain
A traumatic joint twist that results in stretching or tearing of the stabilizing connective tissues; mainly involves ligaments or joint capsules, and causes discoloration, swelling, and pain.
Sprint interval training (SIT)
A type of interval training characterized by repeated bouts of 20 -to 30-second all-out supramaximal sprints.
Stability
Characteristic of the body’s joints or posture that represents resistance to change of position.
Stabilizer
A muscle that acts to maintain a position of or fixate a joint.
Stadiometer
A device for measuring height that typically consists of a vertical ruler with a sliding horizontal rod or paddle that is adjusted to rest on the top of the head.
Stage 1 hypertension
A systolic blood pressure of 130-139 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mmHg.
Stages-of-change model
A lifestylemodification model that suggests that people go through distinct, predictable stages when making lifestyle changes: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. The process is not always linear.
Standard of care
Appropriateness of an exercise professional’s actions in light of current professional standards and based on the age, condition, and knowledge of the client or participant.
Static balance
The ability to maintain the body’s center of mass (COM) within its base of support (BOS).
Static stretching
Holding a nonmoving (static) position to immobilize a joint in a position that places the desired muscles and connective tissues passively at their greatest possible length.
Statute of frauds
A contract that must be in writing in order to be enforceable.
Statute of limitations
A formal regulation limiting the period within which a specific legal action may be taken.
Steady state
Constant submaximal exercise below the lactate threshold where the oxygen consumption is meeting the energy requirements of the activity.
Sterol
Naturally occurring unsaturated steroid alcohols, typically waxy solids.
Stimulus control
A means to break the connection between events or other stimuli and a behavior; in behavioral science, sometimes called ‘‘cue extinction.” Strain A stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle or adjacent tissue such as the fascia or tendon.
