2021ACE_Glossary_2 Flashcards
Body mass index (BMI)
A relative measure of body height to body weight used to determine levels of weight, from underweight to extreme obesity.
Bolus
A food and saliva digestive mix that is swallowed and then moved through the digestive tract.
Bone density
See Bone mineral density.
Bone deposition
A process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue.
Bone formation
The processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue, including remodeling and resorption.
Bone mineral density (BMD)
A measure of the amount of minerals (mainly calcium} contained in a certain volume of bone.
Bone resorption
The dissolving of bone.
Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)
An essential amino acid that inhibits muscle protein breakdown and aids in muscle glycogen storage. The BCAAs are valine, leucine, and isoleucine.
Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI)
One of two performing rights societies in the U.S. that represent music publishers in negotiating and collecting fees for the nondramatic performance of music.
Bronchi
The two large branches of the trachea leading into the lungs.
Bronchiole
The smallest tubes that supply air to the alveoli (air sacs} of the lungs.
Bronchitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes.
Bronchoconstriction
The constriction of the airways in the lungs caused by the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Bronchodilator
Medication inhaled to dilate (enlarge) and relax the constricted bronchial smooth muscle.
Buffering capacity
The ability of muscles to neutralize the acid that accumulates in them during high-intensity exercise, thus delaying the onset of fatigue.
Bulimia
An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of uncontrolled binge eating; recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior such as selfinduced vomiting, laxative misuse, diuretics, or enemas (purging type}, or fasting and/or excessive exercise (nonpurging type); episodes of binge eating and compensatory behaviors occur at least twice per week for three months; self-evaluation that is heavily influenced by body shape and weight; and episodes that do not occur exclusively with episodes of anorexia.
Bursa
A sac of fluid that is present in areas of the body that are potential sites of friction.
Bursitis
Swelling and inflammation in the bursa that results from overuse.
Calcaneal eversion
Movement of the plantar surface of the calcaneus laterally away from the midline of the body.
Calcium channel blocker
A class of blood pressure medication that relaxes and widens the blood vessels.
Calorie
A measurement of the amount of energy in a food available after digestion. The amount of energy needed to increase 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius. Also called a kilocalorie.
Capillary
The smallest type of blood vessel that supplies blood to the tissues, and the site of all gas and nutrient exchange in the cardiovascular system. Capillaries connect the arterial and venous systems.
Carbohydrate
The body’s preferred energy source. Dietary sources include sugars (simple) and grains, rice, potatoes, and beans (complex). Carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver and is transported in the blood as glucose.
Carbohydrate loading
Up to a weeklong regimen of manipulating intensity of training and carbohydrate intake to achieve maximum glycogen storage for an endurance event.
Cardiac cycle
The period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next heartbeat; the systolic and diastolic phases and the interval in between.
Cardiac muscle
A type of involuntary, striated muscle tissue that makes up the walls of the heart and provides the continuous rhythmic action known as heart contractions.
Cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute; usually expressed in liters of blood per minute.
Cardiac reserve
The work that the heart is able to perform beyond that required of it under ordinary circumstances.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
A procedure to support and maintain breathing and circulation for a person who has stopped breathing (respiratory arrest) and/or whose heart has stopped (cardiac arrest).
Cardiorespiratory fitness
The ability to perform large muscle movement over a sustained period; related to the capacity of the heart-lung system to deliver oxygen for sustained energy production. Also called cardiorespiratory endurance or aerobic fitness.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
A general term for any disease of the heart, blood vessels, or circulation.
Cardiovascular drift
Changes in observed cardiovascular variables that occur during prolonged, submaximal exercise without a change in workload.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
A pathology of the wrist and hand that occurs when the median nerve, which extends from the forearm into the hand, becomes compressed at the wrist.
Cartilage
A smooth, semi-opaque material that absorbs shock and reduces friction between the bones of a joint.
Casein
The main protein found in milk and other dairy products.
Catabolic
Pertaining to the breaking down of tissue, or catabolism. Catabolism generally refers to a decrease in lean tissue, particularly muscle.
Catabolism
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy.
Catecholamine
Hormone (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine) released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise.
C-corporation
A corporation that is designed to operate in multiple countries and with various types of investors.
Cellular acidosis
A decrease in muscle pH (below 7) caused by the accumulation of protons in a muscle cell. These protons come from the splitting of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP} and inorganic phosphate. ach time this splitting takes place, one hydrogen ion (proton} is released.
Center of gravity (COG)
See Center of mass (COM).
Center of mass (COM)
The point around which all weight is evenly distributed; also called center of gravity.
Central nervous system (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord.
Cerebral vascular disease
One of a group of brain dysfunctions related to disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain.
Certification
A credential attesting that an individual or organization has met a specific set of standards.
Change talk
Statements reflecting a desire to change.
Cholesterol
A fatlike substance found in the blood and body tissues and in certain foods. Can accumulate in the arteries and lead to a narrowing of the vessels (atherosclerosis).
Chondromalacia
A gradual softening and degeneration of the articular cartilage, usually involving the back surface of the patella (kneecap). This condition may produce pain and swelling or a grinding sound or sensation when the knee is flexed and extended.
Chondromalacia patella
Inflammation of the underside of the patella (kneecap) and softening of the cartilage that is associated with knee pain.
Chronic
Descriptive of a condition that persists over a long period of time; opposite of acute.
Chronic bronchitis
Characterized by inflamed bronchiole tubes, increased mucus secretion, and a productive cough lasting several months to several years.
Chronic disease
Any disease state that persists over an extended period of time.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
A condition, such as asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema, in which there is chronic obstruction of air flow. See Asthma, Bronchitis, and Emphysema.
Chylomicron
A large lipoprotein particle that transfers fat from food from the small intestine to the liver and adipose tissue.
Circuit training
A form of training that takes the participant through a series of exercise stations, sometimes with brief rest intervals in between; can emphasize muscular endurance, aerobic conditioning, muscular strength, or a combination of all three.
Claudication
Cramplike pains in the calves caused by poor circulation of blood to the leg muscles; frequently associated with peripheral vascular disease.
Closed-kinetic-chain exercise
Movements where the distal segment of the target body part is more fixed; generally considered more functional, as they mimic daily activities closely.
Co-contraction
The mutual coordination of antagonist muscles (such as flexors and extensors) to maintain a position.
Cognition
Current thought or feeling that can function as an antecedent or consequence for overt behaviors.
Cognitive
Pertaining to, or characterized by, that operation of the mind by which we become aware of objects of thought or perception; includes all aspects of perceiving, thinking, and remembering.
Cognitive behavior therapy
A form of psychotherapy that focuses on how thoughts and feelings influence behavior.
Cognitive distortion
Unproductive thought process that can paralyze a client when making a positive and lasting behavioral change.
Cognitive domain
One of the three domains of learning; describes intellectual activities and involves the learning of knowledge.
Cognitive stage of learning
The first stage of learning a motor skill when performers make many gross errors and have extremely variable performances.
Collagen
The main constituent of connective tissue, such as ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
Comorbidity
Disorder (or disease) in addition to a primary disease or disorder.
Comparative negligence
A system used in legal defenses to distribute fault between an injured party and any defendant.
Competence
Having the necessary ability, knowledge, or skill to do something successfully; one of the three basic psychological needs that influence motivation, according to selfdetermination theory.
Complex carbohydrate
A long chain of sugar that takes more time to digest than a simple carbohydrate.
Compound set
A resistance-training approach involving the performance of two or more exercises for the same muscle or muscle group in rapid succession.
Computed tomography (CT)
A development of x-ray technology to examine the soft tissues of the body. Involves recording “slices” of the body with a CT scanner. A cross-sectional image is then formed by computer integration.
Concentric
A type of isotonic muscle contraction in which the muscle develops tension and shortens when stimulated.
Concussion
A type of traumatic brain injury caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth.
Conduction
The direct flow of heat through a material resulting from physical contact.
Congestive heart failure
Inability of the heart to pump blood at a sufficient rate to meet the metabolic demand or the ability to do so only when the cardiac filling pressures are abnormally high, frequently resulting in lung congestion.
Connective tissue
The tissue that binds together and supports various structures of the body. Ligaments and tendons are connective tissues.
Consequence
Variable that occurs following a target behavior, such as exercise, that influences a person’s future behaviorchange decisions and efforts.
Contemplation
The stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change during which the individual is weighing the pros and cons of behavioral change.
Contract
A binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law. Composed of an offer, acceptance, and consideration (or what each party puts forth to make the agreement worthwhile).
Contractile protein
The protein myofilaments that are essential for muscle contraction.
Contracture
An abnormal and usually permanent contraction of a muscle characterized by a high resistance to passive stretching.
Contraindication
Any condition that renders some particular movement, activity, or treatment improper or undesirable.
Contributory negligence
A legal defense used in claims or suits when the plaintiff’s negligence contributed to the act in dispute.
Controlled motivation
Doing a task with a sense of pressure, demand, or coercion.
Convection
The transfer of heat through surrounding air or water molecules.
Coordination
The ability to use different parts of the body together efficiently; a skillrelated component of physical fitness.
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
The major form of cardiovascular disease; results when the coronary arteries are narrowed or occluded, most commonly by atherosclerotic deposits of fibrous and fatty tissue; also called coronary heart disease.
Corporate veil
A legal doctrine that shields individual investors in a corporation from financial or legal liability beyond their initial investment.
Corporation
A legal entity, independent of its owners and regulated by state laws; any number of people may own a corporation through shares issued by the business.
Cortical bone
Compact, dense bone that is found in the shafts of long bones and the vertebral endplates.
Cortisol
A hormone that is often referred to as the “stress hormone,” as it is involved in the response to stress. It increases blood pressure and blood glucose levels and has an immunosuppressive action.
Creatine phosphate
A storage form of high-energy phosphate in muscle cells that can be used to immediately resynthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Creep
The tendency of connective tissue to slowly deform permanently (or lengthen) under the influence of applied stress such as a stretching force.
Crimp
The zigzag structure of collagen, which gradually straightens out when the tissue is subjected to high tensile forces.
Cultural competence
The ability to communicate and work effectively with people from different cultures.
Cyanosis
A bluish discoloration, especially of the skin and mucous membranes, due to reduced hemoglobin in the blood.
Cytokine
Hormone-like low molecular weight proteins, secreted by many different cell types, which regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses and are involved in cell-to-cell communication.
Decisional balance
One of the four components of the transtheoretical model of behavioral change; refers to the numbers of pros and cons an individual perceives regarding adopting and/or maintaining an activity program.
Deep
Anatomical term meaning internal; that is, located further beneath the body surface than the superficial structures.
Dehydration
The process of losing body water; when severe can cause serious, lifethreatening consequences.
