2021ACE_Glossary_2 Flashcards
Body mass index (BMI)
A relative measure of body height to body weight used to determine levels of weight, from underweight to extreme obesity.
Bolus
A food and saliva digestive mix that is swallowed and then moved through the digestive tract.
Bone density
See Bone mineral density.
Bone deposition
A process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue.
Bone formation
The processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue, including remodeling and resorption.
Bone mineral density (BMD)
A measure of the amount of minerals (mainly calcium} contained in a certain volume of bone.
Bone resorption
The dissolving of bone.
Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)
An essential amino acid that inhibits muscle protein breakdown and aids in muscle glycogen storage. The BCAAs are valine, leucine, and isoleucine.
Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI)
One of two performing rights societies in the U.S. that represent music publishers in negotiating and collecting fees for the nondramatic performance of music.
Bronchi
The two large branches of the trachea leading into the lungs.
Bronchiole
The smallest tubes that supply air to the alveoli (air sacs} of the lungs.
Bronchitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes.
Bronchoconstriction
The constriction of the airways in the lungs caused by the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Bronchodilator
Medication inhaled to dilate (enlarge) and relax the constricted bronchial smooth muscle.
Buffering capacity
The ability of muscles to neutralize the acid that accumulates in them during high-intensity exercise, thus delaying the onset of fatigue.
Bulimia
An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of uncontrolled binge eating; recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior such as selfinduced vomiting, laxative misuse, diuretics, or enemas (purging type}, or fasting and/or excessive exercise (nonpurging type); episodes of binge eating and compensatory behaviors occur at least twice per week for three months; self-evaluation that is heavily influenced by body shape and weight; and episodes that do not occur exclusively with episodes of anorexia.
Bursa
A sac of fluid that is present in areas of the body that are potential sites of friction.
Bursitis
Swelling and inflammation in the bursa that results from overuse.
Calcaneal eversion
Movement of the plantar surface of the calcaneus laterally away from the midline of the body.
Calcium channel blocker
A class of blood pressure medication that relaxes and widens the blood vessels.
Calorie
A measurement of the amount of energy in a food available after digestion. The amount of energy needed to increase 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius. Also called a kilocalorie.
Capillary
The smallest type of blood vessel that supplies blood to the tissues, and the site of all gas and nutrient exchange in the cardiovascular system. Capillaries connect the arterial and venous systems.
Carbohydrate
The body’s preferred energy source. Dietary sources include sugars (simple) and grains, rice, potatoes, and beans (complex). Carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver and is transported in the blood as glucose.
Carbohydrate loading
Up to a weeklong regimen of manipulating intensity of training and carbohydrate intake to achieve maximum glycogen storage for an endurance event.
Cardiac cycle
The period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next heartbeat; the systolic and diastolic phases and the interval in between.
Cardiac muscle
A type of involuntary, striated muscle tissue that makes up the walls of the heart and provides the continuous rhythmic action known as heart contractions.
Cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute; usually expressed in liters of blood per minute.
Cardiac reserve
The work that the heart is able to perform beyond that required of it under ordinary circumstances.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
A procedure to support and maintain breathing and circulation for a person who has stopped breathing (respiratory arrest) and/or whose heart has stopped (cardiac arrest).
Cardiorespiratory fitness
The ability to perform large muscle movement over a sustained period; related to the capacity of the heart-lung system to deliver oxygen for sustained energy production. Also called cardiorespiratory endurance or aerobic fitness.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
A general term for any disease of the heart, blood vessels, or circulation.
Cardiovascular drift
Changes in observed cardiovascular variables that occur during prolonged, submaximal exercise without a change in workload.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
A pathology of the wrist and hand that occurs when the median nerve, which extends from the forearm into the hand, becomes compressed at the wrist.
Cartilage
A smooth, semi-opaque material that absorbs shock and reduces friction between the bones of a joint.
Casein
The main protein found in milk and other dairy products.
Catabolic
Pertaining to the breaking down of tissue, or catabolism. Catabolism generally refers to a decrease in lean tissue, particularly muscle.
Catabolism
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy.
Catecholamine
Hormone (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine) released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise.
C-corporation
A corporation that is designed to operate in multiple countries and with various types of investors.
Cellular acidosis
A decrease in muscle pH (below 7) caused by the accumulation of protons in a muscle cell. These protons come from the splitting of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP} and inorganic phosphate. ach time this splitting takes place, one hydrogen ion (proton} is released.
