201 exam Flashcards
Cell wall inhibitor
carbapenems
amoxicillin
aztreinam
cefalexin
is not a cell wall inhibitor
tazobactam
what is the chekc for CURB-65 criteria
resp rate of 29+, age 65+ and systolic BP less than 90mmHg
confusion + blood urwa nitorgen >19mg/dL
NOT in malaria lifecycle?
haematin builds up in the parasite
What steps are inb the malaria lifecycle?
Haemaglobin is converted into haematin
Haemoglobin transferred to plasmodium food vacuole
nontoxic hemazoin is the final productt
Red flag for ulcerative colitis?
bloody diarrhoea
class 1 antiarrhythmia drug
Na+ channel blocker
flecainide
Biological test:
rapid test
culture
biochemical test
(BET analysis - NOT )
Sulfoanamides and trimethoprim are what type of antibiotic?
antimetabolites
cells in stomach
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells
function of parietal cells
secretion of HCl and intrinsic factor
property of aldosterone
causes reabsorption of NaCl and H2O
what is the correct layering of GI TRACT FROIM INNER TO OUTER
MUCOSA
SUB,MUCOSA
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
SEROSA
TRUE OR FALSE:
extrinsic innovation is controlled by the enteric NS
TRUE
what neurotransmitters are used during rest and digest
acetyl choline and substance P (vasoactive)
TRUE OR FALSE:
sympathetic systems increases secretion and motility
FALSE
promitility agents:
metoclopramide and domperidone
cisapride and porucalopride
Erythromycin
Oral anticoagulant
dabigatran
warfarin
rivaroxaban
What drugs inhibit glycoprotein IIb/IIIa which causes fibrinogen to not bind to platelets
abiximab and tirofiban
What condition is Dornase Alfa used for ? (mucolytic)
CF
Not a bronchodilator
corticosteroids
2nd line treatment for angina
dabigatran
reprofusion therapy
coronary angiography
fibrinolitics
coronary revascularisation
bulk laxative
isaphula husk
sterculia
bran
what allergy should you be aware of when giving faecal softener enemas
peanut allergy
virus life cycle step by step
- attachment
- penetration
- uncoating
- biosynthesis
- protein synthesis
- Release
name a virus targeting attachment inhibitor (HIV drug)
fostemsavir
used for blood infections?
blood spectrum, beta lactams, metronidazole and vancomycin
red flag for GORD
jaundice, persistent vomiting, patient over 55 with new onset symptoms
H2 antagonist
ranitidine
fa,optidine
cimetidine
true or flase
h pylori is the only usual reason peptic ulcers occur
false
1st line for h pylori
triple therapy containing 2 antibiotics and PPI - omeprazole
indications of theophylline overdose
restlessness
hypokjalaemia
severe vomiting
correct process of tablet manufacturing
- compression
- consolidation and decompression
- ejection
binders
gelatin
starch
povidone
superdisintegrants
sodium starch glycolate
crospovidone
crosmcarmellose sodium
what group is NOT commonly portected
iron groups
the peptide NT-proBNP is used as an indication for HF levels are under 400ng/L
true!
Correct method of treatment for HF
1.furosemide
2.ramipril
3.bisoprolol
4.spirinolactone
statements about warfarin chemical structure
(R) warfarin is 10-fold more potent than the (S) enantiomer
the phenolic OH allows formation of water-soluble sodium salts
has a low water solubility due to coumarin core
It inhibits post-translational carboxylation of a Glu residue on the N-terminalof specific clotting factors adn anticoagulant proteins
A 7-hydroxy warfarin and a 6-hydroxy warfarin are two inactive metabolites produced by hepatic CYP2C9 starting only from the (S)-enantiomer
What do sieves measure?
mesh number - 100 openings per inch (equivalent diameter= sphere size to pass)
What does microscopy measure?
projected area diameter (dn = mertin’s diameter)
What does Andreasen pipette measure?
calculate the diameter using
dst > d of sphere w same density+ settling viscosity
What does cascade impactor measure?
aerodymic diameter
What does photon correlation spectroscopy measure?
Brownian motion and relates this to size of particles
electrical sensing methods
vd = volume diameter
Laser diffraction measures
equivalent diameter
calculating hausner ratio
indirect measure of bulk material to reduce volume under mechanical influence
calculating the carr’s index
compressibility of a powder
measuring the angel of repose of a powder sample
after mechanically topping ^ mass
observing the bulk of a powder sample
volume of powder / weight expressed in ml/100g powder
thiazide diuretic side effects
hypokalaemia
(adaches, rash, hives, swelling of the mouth and lips, wheezing or trouble breathing, asthma attack, and anaphylaxis)
side effects of ACEi
dry cough
Dry cough.
hyperkalaemia
Extreme tiredness or dizziness from blood pressure going too low.
Headaches.
Loss of taste.
Rarely, short-term worsening of kidney function.
statements about anti-anginal drugs
1) dihydropyridine derivative calcium-channel blockers may be effective with prinz metal angina
2) nicorandil actiovates the ATP-sensetive K channels to enhance K efflux and hyperpolarisation of vascular smooth muscle cells
3) ivabradine selectively blocks the hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated channels present within the SA nodes and lowers HR without affecting contractility of cardiac muscle
4) ranozaline is a class ID sodium channel inhibitor which blocks the late inward sodium current occurring during pohase 2 of venticular action potensials
ventricular tachycardia
lower chamber of the heart beats too fast to pump well and the body doesn’t receive enough oxygenated blood
ventricular fibrillation
the lower heart chambers contract in a very rapid and uncoordinated manner
atrial flutter
an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) which causes the upper chambers of your heart (atria) to beat too quickly
sinus bradycardia
HR lower than normal <60bpm
paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia
rapid heartbeats originating above the ventricles
lung scrintigraphy
imaging technique
diagnosis of some lung conditions is possible
visulaise deposition in lungs
gamma cameras are required
LTRA - leukotriene receptor antagonists
contain at least one hydrogen bond acceptor
Will be more than one hydrophobic region
Will be one or more acidic groups
The lipophilic tetraene tail of leukotriene D4 can be imitated by several, more stable , aromatic rings
what type of drugs are;
salbutamol
salmeteroil
terbualine
beta-2 receptor agonist drugs
ipratropium is a _____ drug
SAMA - short acting muscarinic receptor
tiotropium is a
long acting muscarinic receptor LAMA
CF is caused by a mutation of what gene?
CFTR gene
function of CFTR gene encode
transport chloride ions to the EXTRAcellular space
“aban”
anticoagulant
apixaban
edoxaban
warfarin - inhibit vit K epoxide reductase complex 1
beta blocker - dec HR + BP and myocardial contractility
olol
bisoprolol/ propanolol
atenolol
metaporolol
‘pril’
ACE inhibitors
ramipril
perindopril
aminodarone is an example of
class III (K channel blocker > cause repolorisation)
CCB example
diltiazem - relaxing blood vessels
amlodipine
flecainide
class I (Na channel blcoker) > slow conduction through AV node
treat AF for an asthmatic patient
diltiazem
spironolactone
thiazide sdiuretic
loop diuretic
furosemdie
losartan
ARB - selective inhibition of angiotensin II by competitive antagonism of the angiotensin II receptors
HF and has swollen ankles
furosemide - loop diuretic
Hf but cannot tolerate ramipril
ARB instead - losartan 12.5mg tablets
Xa inhibitor - prevent blood from clotting too much
fondaparinux (MI reliever)
prevent heart attack/ stroke
block enzyme for cholestrol, red cholestrol in blood
antiplatelet
clopidogrel
GTN spray - glyceryl trinitrate
prn / reliever
Atorvastatin
HMC- CoA reductase inhibitor / statin
stable angina - but pain when exersising
GTn spray
83yr old STEMI. already has 300mg aspirin on way to hospital
low dose heparin for stemi
= fondaparinux
Xanthines - COPD, moderate exacerbtion, stopped ipraropium (LABA) and sytart on new drug
LAMA not LABA
tiotropium (inhaled)
27 yr old asthmatic. severe vomiting, agitiation, restlessness dilated pupils and tachycardia, hyperglycaemia and convulusions
relsted to which drug treatment
theophylline (oral)
