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CVS Exams > 2009 Module Exam > Flashcards

2009 Module Exam Flashcards

1
Q

In a patient who has a block in the anterior-interventricular septum, which is the area most susceptible to myocardial infarction?

A

Anterior 2/3 interventricular septum

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2
Q

What is the component of the fatty streak?

a. Foam cells
b. Fibro-fatty plaque

A

a. Foam cells

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3
Q

Where is the apex located?

A

5th intercostal space 9cm from midline

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4
Q

A patient with chest pain that radiated to the left arm. What is the best way to treat his condition?

A

Nitrates, Ca++ channel blockers, β-blockers

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5
Q

What are the sympathetic innervations of the heart?

A

T1-T6

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of nitrates?

A

Increase relaxation of smooth muscle cells

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7
Q

Weight gain is a side effect to clofibrate due to

A

Inhibiting lipolysis

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8
Q

What is the best drug for increasing HDL levels?

A

Nicotinic acid

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9
Q

What is a complication of myocardial infarctions in 3 days?

A

Arrhythmias

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10
Q

What is the feature of the post-transition state?

What changes are seen in post transition countries?

A) Low mortality, high fertility, infectious diseases

B) Low Mortality, low fertility, and chronic diseases

C) High mortality, low fertility, chronic diseases

D) High mortality, high fertility. Infectious diseases

A

Low mortality, low fertility – chronic diseases

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11
Q

How does glycosylation affect atherosclerosis?

A

Reduce LDL clearance

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12
Q

An increase of perfusion pressure increases the blood flow. What mechanism is responsible for that?

a. Neural vasoconstriction
b. Metabolic vasodilation
c. Myogenic vasodilation

A

c. Myogenic vasodilation

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13
Q

A patient has mitral stenosis due to an old rheumatic heart disease. What type of treatment is he given?

A

Diuretics & β-blockers

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14
Q

Which enzyme is seen in pheochromocytoma?

A

VMA

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of furosemide?

A

Inhibit Na/K/Cl pump

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of digoxin?

A

Increase intracellular Ca++

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17
Q

Kuwait is considered to have low hypertension percentage compared to western countries. Why is that?

A

Kuwait has a young population

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18
Q

What drug is responsible for blocking angiotensin receptors?

A

Losartan

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of α-methyldopa?

A

Stimulation of α2 receptors (agonists)

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20
Q

What did the drug do?

A

Hypotension

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21
Q

What is the likely cause of this condition?

a. Sympathetic dysfunction
b. Vasodilators

A

b. Vasodilators

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22
Q

What is the most direct cause of cardiac death?

A

Cardiac arrhythmias

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23
Q

What characterizes acute rheumatic fever?

A

Aschoff’s nodules

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24
Q

Which causes acute myocardial infarction?

A

Rupture of plaque

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25
Q

Which drug is responsible for blocking K+ channels?

A

Type III anti-arrythmatic drugs

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26
Q

Which drug is responsible for blocking Na+ channels?

A

Quinidine

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27
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Amodarone?

A

Prolongation of action potential duration

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28
Q

Patient with MI would typically show

A

QT elongation

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29
Q

What is the problem in the figure?

A

Aortic stenosis

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30
Q

What would be seen in a post-mortem patient with 10-years history of hypertension?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

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31
Q

A 3-month-infant is diagnosed with VSD, on birth he was diagnosed with a normal heart and no anomalies. What is the biological reason?

A

A decrease in pulmonary resistance

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32
Q

What is the mechanism of blood flow in the inferior vena cava?

A

Negative pressure of the thoracic cavity

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33
Q

A 41-year-old male developed sudden chest pain that radiated to the left arm. When he went to the hospital he collapsed. Whats the diagnosis?

A

Acute myocardial infarction

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34
Q

VO2a = 20, VO2v = 12, MVO2 = 280, HR = 78, what’s the SV?

A

45

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35
Q

A patient with breathlessness, increased creatinine, low Na, low albumin. What’s the diagnosis?

A

Heart failure

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36
Q

A male with MI, aerobic exercise is done, which has the highest requirement of O2?

A

They will give you a table, and the answer is the highest (SBP x HR)

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37
Q

The CO of a normal person is 5 L/min, when exercising it became 3 times more. What is the new venous return?

A

15 L/min

38
Q

Which is a potassium channel blocker?

A

Amiodarone

39
Q

Which shows a ventricular action potential?

A
40
Q

A patient with MI, his SV decreased from 88 to 46, what’s the reason?

a. Decrease in contractility
b. Increase in compliance
c. Increase in pulmonary ridge

A

a. Decrease in contractility

41
Q

What is the complication of carotid artery occlusion?

A

Cerebrovascular event

42
Q

A 59-year-old male with angina on exertion and aortic stenosis. He is normotensive and coronary angiography is normal. What should we do?

a. Increase VR
b. Give diuretics
c. Increase contractility
d. Coronary angiogram

A

c. Increase contractility

(or B)

43
Q

What is responsible for bypassing the liver in the fetal circulation?

A

Ductus venousus

44
Q

What changes are seen in a fetus after birth?

a. Increase RA pressure
b. Increase pulmonary pressure
c. Swab of hepatic veins
d. Blood flow in ductus arteriousus is reversed

A

d. Blood flow in ductus arteriousus is reversed

45
Q

A patient closes his nose and blow. (valvasa maneuver). What would it cause?

A

Increase in thoracic pressure

46
Q

An African American 45-year-old male with murmurs heard on both sides of the 2nd intercostal space is diagnosed with

A

Aortic stenosis

47
Q

What is the best way to adjust the volume-pressure relationship?

A

Adjusting contractility

48
Q

A patient was diagnosed with heart failure. What is the best combination of drugs?

A

Diuretics, β-agonists, digoxin, and ARBs

49
Q

A patient with blood pressure of 160/100. What’s the best treatment?

A

Diuretics, ACEI, and ARBs

50
Q

What is the mechanism by which CO increases?

A

Increase in venoconstriction

51
Q

There was a cross-sectional study and they made an Odds Ratio inference of 2.4, what do you think about the result?

A

Disagree. Temporal relationship not found

52
Q

A case-control study was made on the exercise and respiratory infections. The cases are from the hospital, and the controls are from the spa. What is your interference?

A

Case: Unbiased – Control: Biased – OR: increased

53
Q

Which nuclear medicine test is used to identify causes of heart failure?

A

Myocardial perfusion imaging

54
Q

What is the most factor that causes cardiac death?

a. Smoking
b. Illegal drugs
c. Obesity
d. Type-A-Behavior

A

a. Smoking

55
Q

Some impulses are not conducted through the AV, while others are conducted normally. What anomaly is this?

A

2nd degree AV block

56
Q

What sources are needed for HE/HP?

A

Sociodemographics/epidemiological

57
Q

What originates from aortic sinus?

A

Right coronary artery

58
Q

What supplies the pacemaker of the heart?

A

Nodal branch

59
Q

Patient with 90% stenosis of coronary artery with partial blockage?

A

Unstable angina

60
Q

Patient with 90% stenosis of coronary artery with complete occlusion?

A

Myocardial infarction

61
Q

What is the most prominent feature of arterioles?

A

Internal Elastic Lamina

62
Q

Which type of capillary is in the endocrine cells?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

63
Q

What is the best marker of cardiac failure?

A

BNP

64
Q

A patient came to the hospital after 6 hours of the onset of symptoms of myocardial infarction. What is the best diagnostic marker?

A

Troponin

65
Q

What is produced from the endothelial cells in response to high blood velocity?

A

Nitric Oxide

66
Q

What is a major vasoconstrictor agent?

A

Endothelin

67
Q

Where can you hear the murmur of mitral stenosis?

A

Diastolic murmur in 5th intercostal space

68
Q

Where can you hear the murmur of mitral regurgitation?

A

Systolic apical murmur

69
Q

Where can you hear the murmur of aortic stenosis?

A

2nd intercostal space right side systolic murmur

70
Q

Apo E polymorphism

A

Type III familial dysbetalipoproteinemia

71
Q

Lipoprotein lipase deficiency

A

Familial hyperchylomicronemia

72
Q

A patient with prosthetic valve was diagnosed with IE. Culture showed gram-positive cocci arranged in chains?

A

Streptococcus Viridans

73
Q

A patient with pain in the left leg. No pulses were found in the distal part of the leg. What’s the diagnosis?

A

Peripheral arterial disease

74
Q

A 95-year-old patient with floppy mitral valve with friable vegetation. Diagnosis?

a. Degenerative changes in valve leaflets
b. Calcification of aortic valve

A

?

75
Q

A patient with senile vegetations. Diagnosis?

A

Limban sack endocarditis (all the other answers excluded)

(*pretty sure them meant sterile not senile)

76
Q

A patient with Gamine-Ghaneli bodies in the lab show. Diagnosis?

A

Congestive splenomegaly

77
Q

Which phase of the cardiac cycle you see the mitral valve opened, and the maximal volume?

A

Atrial contraction

78
Q

Which phase of the cardiac cycle you see maximal pressure?

A

Rapid ejection

79
Q

Vagal stimulation of the heart

a. Alpha-1
b. Alpha-2
b. beta-1
c. beta-2
d. beta-3
e. M1
f. M2

A

f. M2

80
Q

Inotropic effect on the heart

a. Alpha-1
b. Alpha-2
b. beta-1
c. beta-2
d. beta-3
e. M1
f. M2

A

b. beta-1

81
Q

Systemic vasoconstriction

a. Alpha-1
b. Alpha-2
b. beta-1
c. beta-2
d. beta-3
e. M1
f. M2

A

a. Alpha-1

82
Q

Patient with asymmetric sub-aortic hypertrophy in interventricular septum. Diagnosis?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

83
Q

Patient with transient decrease of blood flow. What mechanism is used to compensate?

A

Reactive hyperemia

84
Q

Which drug is used for supraventricular tachycardia?

A

Adenosine

85
Q

Which drug is exclusive for emergencies of ventricular arrhythmias?

A

Lidocaine

86
Q

Which drug affects PRARA-α?

A

Clofibrate

87
Q

Appropriate mechanism of tachycardia in hypervolemia

A

Sympathetic stimulation

88
Q

Sinus bradycardia. What would be the mechanism?

A

Decrease frequency of AP in SA node

89
Q

What’s responsible for developing partition in atria?

A

Septum primum

90
Q

What’s responsible for division of atrioventricular canal?

A

Endocardial cushions

91
Q

What’s responsible for the development of the infundibulum?

A

Bulbus cordis

CVS Exams (12 decks)

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