20 Covalent Bonding Flashcards
elements involved in covalent bonding?
non-metal elements, compounds between non-metals
found on the right-hand side of the periodic table
non-metals
some are elements (substances made of the same type of atom), and some are compounds (substances made of two or more types of atoms)
molecules
shells must be filled in order of closest to furthest from the nucleus
octet rule
when reacting, the goal is a full valence shell
octet rule
desired electron configuration is the same as a noble gas
octet rule
formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons
covalent bonding
electrons which contribute to covalent bond are found in valence shell
covalent bonding
each atom usually contributes 1 e-, but some can react to make multiple ______
covalent bonds
rep. of covalent bonding where shared e- pairs are shown as lines/pairs of dots between atoms
lewis structure
allows us to predict how elements will combine to form covalent compounds
lewis structure
how do you draw a lewis structure?
- calculate the total number of valence e-
- determine central atom (element there is only one of)
- draw a line between atoms to form a covalent bond
- distribute the remaining valence e- to bonded atoms to have octet as lone pairs
- if the central atom does not have an octet, turn lone pairs from the bonded atoms to form a double/triple bond
which element is usually the central atom?
carbon
which element can never be the central atom
hydrogen
which group only forms singly bonds when oxygen is not present and are generally not central atoms?
halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine)
can form double bond
group 6 elements
can form triple bond
group 5 elements
if your central atom is carbon, fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, what is your priority?
octet
if your central atom is NOT carbon, fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, what is your priority?
zero formal charge
used to predict the most plausible lewis’ structure of particular molecule like carbonate
formal charge
formula for formal charge
FC = v.e- - (n.b.e- + b.e-)
v.e-: valence of each atom
n.b.e-: lone pais (each pair = 2e-)
b.e-: bonded/shared e-
theory that many molecules and ions are best described as a hybrid of two or more lewis-containing structures
resonance
rep. of molecule/ion that differs only in distribution of v.e- like with carbonate
resonance structure
what symbol is written between contributing structures to indicate resonance?
double-headed arrow
