2. The Protectorate Flashcards
What was the 1st Protectorate Parliament and what did it do?
Cromwell had hoped the 1st PP would bring stability and secure support. He was wrong. When it met in September 1654, 100 members of the 1st PP refused to sign the Instrument of Government and withdrew from Parliament. Attempts were made to reduce the size of the army, and attacks were mounted against religious liberty. Cromwell dissolved the 1st PP in January 1655.
What was the Rule of the Major Generals and what did it do?
After the failure of the 1st PP, Cromwell did not call another Parliament immediately. Instead he imposed military rule. 11 Major-Generals were appointed to rule different areas of England. They were to provide military security and carry out national reform of moral and behaviour.
What was the 2nd Protectorate Parliament and what did it do?
In September 1656, the 2nd PP met and once again, 100 MPs were excluded. In 1657, Parliament presented Cromwell with the Humble Petition and Advice, which offered him the Crown. He refused the offer due to pressure from the NMA and religious radicals. He did choose the role of Lord Protector for life and the power to choose his successor.
How did the Protectorate end during the period 1658 - 60?
Cromwell died in September 1658 and was succeeded by his incompetent son Richard. He was forced out by the NMA leaders in 1659. A period of chaotic instability followed as military and civilian groups couldn’t decide on the future government.
Who restored order and how?
General George Monck - the Commander of the army in Scotland - crossed into England in January 1660. As he marched, he was presented with a number of petitions calling for the restoration of the Monarchy. Elections were held for a new Parliament and so the Convention Parliament met in April 1660, and aimed to restore the government of King, HOC and HOL. In May 1660, Charles II was welcomed on his return to London.
