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MP224- Normal Function of Renal and Hepatic Systems > 2- The anatomy and physiology of the kidney > Flashcards

2- The anatomy and physiology of the kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What is the renal capsule

A

Fibrous capsule around the kidney

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2
Q

What is the renal Cortex

A

The outer region of the kindey

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3
Q

What is the renal medulla

A

Inner region; composed of renal pyramids

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4
Q

What is the renal columns

A

Extension of cortex that dip into the medulla

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5
Q

What is the renal pelvis

A

Funnel-shaped sack; superior end of the ureter

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6
Q

What are minor and major calices

A

They are small and large tubes that merge to form the renal pelvis

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7
Q

What is the function of the renal artery

A

Branches off abdominal aorta, enters kidney through hilum

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8
Q

What is the function of segmental arteries

A

Branche off renal artery

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9
Q

What do interlobar arteries do

A

Branch off segmental arteries, flow between renal pyramids

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10
Q

What do arciform arteries do

A

Branch off interlobar arteries and arch around the renal pyramids

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11
Q

What do cortical radiate arteries do

A

Branch off arcuate arteries

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12
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus
Bowmans Capsules

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13
Q

What is the renal tubule and what is its function

A

It extends from the bowman’s capsule to the collecting duct, where distal tubules of several nephrons empty into a collecting duct.

The collecting duct continues through the medulla and drains through the renal papilla into a major calyx.

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14
Q

What are the two types of nephrons in the kidney.

A

Cortical nephron
Juxtamedullary nephron

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15
Q

What are structural features of cortical nephrons

A

Lie almost completely in renal cortex
Have short nephron loops
Renal corpuscles located near surface of kidney

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16
Q

What are the structural features of juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Have long nephron loops, that extend deep into the medulla

Renal corpuscles lie deep in renal cortex

Important in regulating water balance and urine excretion

17
Q

What is the function of the afferent arteriole

A

Branches off the cortical radiate arteries, each enters a different nephronW

18
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus

A

Cappilary cluster that branches from afferent arteriole (filters blood in each nephron )

19
Q

What is the function of the efferent arteriole

A

Arises from merging of glomerular cappilaries (transports blood that was not filtered by glomerulus)

20
Q

What is the fucntion of the peritubular cappilaries

A

Branches off the efferent arteriole; surrounds renal tubules.

21
Q

What is the function of the vasa recta

A

Branches off the efferent arteriole
Runs parallel to the tubules descending into the medulla
Forms capillary medulla networks and then return to the cortex

22
Q

What is the functions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

A structure that regulates the secretion of the enzyme renin.
Monitors and adjusts blood pressure and NaCl content of filtrate.

23
Q

What is the macula dense

A

Tall, closely packed cells of the ascending limb
Monitors NaCl content of filtrate

24
Q

What do juxtaglomerlular cells do

A

Vascular smooth muscle cells of the ascending limb
Monitor blood pressure

25
Q

What are the 3 processes of urine formation

A

Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion

26
Q

What is the process of glomerular filtration in urine formation

A

Performed by specialised glomerular capillaries
Water and small molecules are filtered
Filtered fluid enters renal tubules and becomes tubular fluid

27
Q

What is the process of tubular reabsorption

A

Transfer of filtered substances from renal tubules to peritubular capillaries
Only reclaims useful substances while wastes continue to become urine

28
Q

What is the tubular secretion phase of urine formation

A

Transfer of certain substances from peritubular capillaries to renal tubules
Adds waste products and excess substances forming urine.

29
Q

What is the composition of glomerular filtrate

A

Mainly water
Glucose, amino acids
Urea, Uric acid, creatine, creatine
Ions

30
Q

How is the net filtration pressure calculated

A

NFP= Forces favouring filtration - forces opposing filtration
As long as the net flitration pressure in the glomerulus is positive, filtration will occur

31
Q

What are forces favouring filtration

A

Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

32
Q

What are forces opposing filtration

A

Glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure
Capsular hydrostatic pessure

33
Q

What is the average adult GFR

A

125ml/min or 180L/day

34
Q

What are the factors affecting GFR

A

GFR is directly proportional to the net filtration pressure, so anything that changes NFP will change GFR

Changes in diameter of afferent or efferent arteriole

MP224- Normal Function of Renal and Hepatic Systems (20 decks)

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