16- Role of the Liver in Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What do Kupfer cells release on activation

A

Cytokines, prostanoides, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species

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2
Q

What do Kupffer cells do in the liver

A

Involved in the livers response to infection, toxins, ischaemia, resection and other stresses

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3
Q

What are the two polarised phenotypes in kupffer cells

A

M1- pro inflammatory (increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines)
M2- resolution and wound healing (low expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines)

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4
Q

What does dysregulation of inflammatory responses indicate in the liver

A

Chronic inflammation of the liver (alcohol and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease)

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5
Q

What prevents the development of fatty liver

A

Ablation of KCs

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6
Q

Where are kuppffer cells located

A

in the periportal region of the liver acinus,

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7
Q

What do Periportal KCs have

A

higher lysosomal enzyme activities together with a greater phagocytic capacity than smaller KC from midzonal and perivenous regions

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8
Q

How is bile modified as it flows through bile duct

A

Modified by the addition of a watery, bicarbonate-rich secretion from ductal epithelial cells

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9
Q

Where does venous blood from the ileum go

A

goes straight into the portal vein, and hence through the sinusoids of the liver

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10
Q

What do hepatocytes do to sinusoidal blood

A

They extract bile acids which are them transported across the hepatocytes to be re-secreted into the canaliculi

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11
Q

How many times are bile salt molecules re-used

A

20 times often 2 or 3 times during a single digestive phase

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12
Q

What blood coagulants are synthesized in the liver

A

Vitamin K-dependant coagulation proteins, as well as factor V, XIII, anti-thrombin, alpha2-PQ and plasminogen

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13
Q

What triggers an increase in the synthesis of albumin

A

By a fall in plasma oncotic pressure

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14
Q

What are the causes of hypoalbuminaemia

A

Renal loss
gut loss
Sepsis and critical illness
Burns
Nutritional deificiency

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15
Q

Causes of hyperalbuminaemia

A

Dehydration
Metabolic syndrome
insulin resistance

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