Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > 2. Intro to ANS > Flashcards

2. Intro to ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic fibers of the Parasympathetic Nervous System arise from?

A
  • CN nuclei III, VII, X
  • Sacral region (S2-S4) of the spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic fibers of the PNS synapse?

A

Ganglia close to the effector organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In the PNS are the pre-ganglionic fibers long or short?

A

long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In the PNS are the post-ganglionic fibers long or short?

A

short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic fibers of the Sympathetic Nervous System arise from?

A
  • Thoracic (T1-T2) region of the spinal cord
  • Lumbar (L1-L5) region of the spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic fibers of the SNS synapse?

A
  • Paravertebral ganglia close and parallel to the vertebral column
  • Post-ganglionic axons lead to an effector organ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the role of the SNS illustrated by a person who is threatened? (4)

A
  • HR increases
  • Breathing is rapid and deep
  • Skin is cold and sweaty
  • Pupils dilate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is the role of the PNS illustrated by a person who relaxes after a meal? (4)

A
  • BP, HR, RR are low
  • GI tract activity is high
  • Skin is warm
  • Pupils are constricted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do sympathetic and parasympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers release?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two types of receptors for ACh?

A
  • Muscarinic
  • Nicotinic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What receptors do post-ganglionic nerves have?

A

Nicotinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves release?

A

NE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do post-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves release?

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What receptors do NE from post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves bind to?

A

Adrenergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What receptors do ACh from post-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves bind to?

A

Muscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the SNS exception for sweat glands?

A

Post-ganglionic nerves release ACh, which binds to muscarinic receptors

Normally NE to adrenergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the SNS exception for the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal gland is both post-ganglionic and effector organ, releasing NE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does adrenergic transmission begin?

A

Tyrosine is transported actively into the noradrenergic nerve ending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What occures after tyrosine enters the nerve terminal?

A

Tyrosine is converted to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase and then to dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What occurs in adrenergic transmission once dopamine is synthesized?

A

Dopamine is transported into the vesicles and then converted to NE by dopamine-beta-hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is NE further converted to Epinephrine?

A

Adrenal Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the agonist action for the α1 adrenergic receptor?

A
  • Smooth muscle contraction
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Lipolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the agonist action for the α2 adrenergic receptor?

A
  • Post-junctional: smooth muscle contraction
  • Pre-junctional: inhibit NT release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the agonist action for the β1 adrenergic receptor?

A
  • Contraction
    • Increase cardiac rate and force
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the agonist action for the β2 adrenergic receptor?

A

Relaxation of visceral smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the agonist action for the β3 adrenergic receptor?

A
  • Lipolysis in fat cells
  • Detrusor muscle relaxation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the fate of catecholamines?

A
  1. NE in the synaptic space is actively re-uptaken into the nerve and the storage vesicles (U1)
    • ​​It is the most important mechanism for termination of the action
  2. NE penetrates into smooth cells (U2) and diffuses away from the receptor site.

​

28
Q

What is the fate of NE after it penetrates into smooth cells (U2)?

A

Inactivated by the COMT enzyme to normetanephrine (NMN)

29
Q

How is ACh synthesized?

A

From Ac-CoA + choline through the catalytic action of choline acetyl transferase (CHAT)

30
Q

What terminates the action of ACh?

A

Acetylcholine-esterase (ACHE) hydrolyzes ACh, terminating the action of the transmitter

31
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors (mAChR) primarily located?

A
  • On effector cells that are innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic nerves:
    • ​Smooth muscle
    • Heart
    • Secretory glands
32
Q

What receptors are G protein-coupled?

A
  • Muscarinic receptors
  • Dopamine receptors
33
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors (nAChR) located?

A
  • On postganglionic nerve cell bodies:
    • _​_At all autonomic ganglia
    • Adrenal medulla
    • Motor end-plate of SKM at the NMJ in somatic NS
34
Q

What receptors are ligand-gated ion channels?

A

Nicotinic receptors

35
Q

What are nicotinic receptors permeable to?

A

Cations

36
Q

What is the signal transduction mechanism of nicotinic receptors?

A

Open Na+ and K+ channels at:

  • Autonomic ganglia
  • Motor-end plate
37
Q

What is the effect of dopamine on the heart?

A
  • Increases myocardial contractility and CO
    • Without changing HR
  • D4 receptors
38
Q

What is the effect of dopamine on the kidney?

A
  • Diuresis: excessive production of urine
  • Natriuresis: Na excretion in urine, lowers [Na] in blood, which decreases BV

Receptors present along the nephron, with prox tubule epithelial cells showing the highest density

39
Q

Where are purinergic nerves found? (5)

A
  • GI Tract
  • Vasculature
  • Lungs
  • Bladder
  • CNS
40
Q

What is stored in the vesicles of purinergic nerve endings?

When released, whic purinergic receptor does it directly activate?

A

ATP

P2 receptors

41
Q

In purinergic transmission ATP can also be broken down to what?

What does it activate?

A

Adenosine

P1 receptors (adenosine receptors)

42
Q

In purinergic transmission what is the function of Adenosine?

A

Regulate the release of NE through a feedback mechanism.

43
Q

In purinergic transmission what is the function of ATP?

A

Can act as a co-transmitter with NE and ACh

44
Q

Release of more than one neurotransmitter from the same nerve terminal may result in…

A

Synergistic = opposite actions

45
Q

What is the function of the G protein-linked receptor Gαs?

A
  • Activates effector enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase leading to the:
    • Production of cAMP
    • Activation of PKA
46
Q

What is the function of the G protein-linked receptor GαI?

A

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase, which causes decreased cAMP​ production

47
Q

What is the function of the G protein-linked receptor GαQ?

A
  1. Activates phospholipase C​ (PLC)
  2. Hydrolyzes PIP2
    • ​Stimulating PKC
    • Releasing Ca2+​ from intracellular binding sites by IP3
48
Q

What is the main integration center of ANS activity?

A

Hypothalamus

49
Q

Whats effects may be superimposed on the effects exerted by the hypothalamus?

A

Limbic System

  • Also plays an important role in:
    • ​Pattern of sexual activity
    • States of rage and fear
50
Q

What also makes contributions to patterns of autonomic activity, but their importance is less than that of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Cerebral Cortex
51
Q

What drug enhances nor-adrenergic transmission (mechanism of action of SNS drugs), by facilitating release?

A

Amphetamine

52
Q

What drug enhances nor-adrenergic transmission (mechanism of action of SNS drugs), by blocking reuptake?

A

Cocaine

53
Q

What drug enhances nor-adrenergic transmission (mechanism of action of SNS drugs), acting as a receptor agonist?

A

Phenylephrine

54
Q

What drug reduces nor-adrenergic transmission by inhibiting synthesis?

A

methyltrosine

55
Q

What drug reduces nor-adrenergic transmission by disrupting vesicular transport and storage?

A

reserpine

56
Q

What drug reduces nor-adrenergic transmission by inhibiting release?

A

guanethidine

57
Q

What drug reduces nor-adrenergic transmission by acting as a receptor antagonists?

A

phentolamine

58
Q

What drug is a nicotinic receptor agonists?

A

nicotine

59
Q

What drug is a muscarinic receptor agonists?

A

bethanechol

60
Q

What drug is a cholinesterase inhibitor?

A

physostigmine

61
Q

What drug inhibits cholinergic transmission, via inhibitors of vesicular ACh transport?

A

vesamicol

62
Q

What drug inhibits cholinergic transmission, via inhibitors of exocytotic release?

A

botulinum toxin

63
Q

What drug inhibits cholinergic transmission, via nicotinic receptor antagonists?

A

mecamylamine

64
Q

What drug inhibits cholinergic transmission, via muscarinic receptor antagonists?

A

atropine

65
Q

What drug inhibits cholinergic transmission, via inhibitors of high-affinity choline transport?

A

hemicholinium

66
Q

What drug inhibits cholinergic transmission, via inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

bromopyruvate

Pharmacology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions