2. Goal Setting, Self Confidence, Motivations and Attributions

Question 1

What are attributions

Answer 1

How people explain their success and failure

Question 2

Describe Weiners Attribution THeory

Answer 2

It explains when people attribute successes to themselves (internal locus of control) or others (external locus of control).
It also depends on stability.
If its attributed to others, self confidence doesn’t grow

Question 3

4 classic causes in attribution research

Answer 3

Ability
Effort
Difficulty
Luck

Question 4

3 Individual Differences for attribution style

Answer 4

Style (either optimistic or pessimistic style)
Demographics like gender or ethnicity (whites more internal)
Cultural influences (individualistic more internal)

Question 5

Common biases in attributions

Answer 5

Self serving attribution
Action Bias
Hot Hand Bias

Question 6

Explain Self Serving Attribution

Answer 6

Attributing in favor for oneself, even if its not the best

Question 7

Explain Action Bias

Answer 7

Prefering to not move over moving when there is an option, even sometimes when its actually better to not move (eg goalie movement, firing the coach or football)

Question 8

Explain Hot hand bias

Answer 8

Psychological Momentum where success causes more success and opposite
However many studies show that this is just a cognitive illusion with very small effects

Question 9

Explain Hot hand bias

Answer 9

Psychological Momentum where success causes more success and opposite
However many studies show that this is just a cognitive illusion with very small effects

Question 10

How does attribution training work and what the effects of it are

Answer 10

Here the athletes identify negative thoughts and change them into better thoughts.
This leads to better self efficacy, better expectations, more positive emotions and increased persistence

Question 11

What is the relation between testosterone and motivation

Answer 11

Testosterone leads to higher competitiveness and achievement motivation

Question 12

Explain cognitive evaluation theory and how it explains how rewards affect it

Answer 12

Here the basic needs of effectance, relatedness and autonomy influence motivation
External rewards influence motivation depending on how they are perceived based on (control, information, functionality)

Question 13

Explain the Self Determination Theory

Answer 13

Motivation is determined by three needs (competence, relatedness, autonomy)
It also depends on how a person thinks other people see him
There are different types of extrinsic motivations here

Question 14

What are the 6 motivations in the Self Determination Continuum

Answer 14

Amotivaiton (not wanting to do it or knowing why)
External Regulation (Reward and Punishment)
Introjected REgulation (Guilt and Shame)
Identified Regulation (helps to reach goal)
Integrated Regulation (Integrated into one self)
Intrinsic Motivation

Question 15

What is social loafing and how can it be countered

Answer 15

When people dont perform as well as normal when the output is mixed with other people (eg rope pulling)
It can be countered with more self comparison

Question 16

Explain the Need Achievement Theory

Answer 16

Personal and situational factors like fear of failure/desire to achieve or probabilities of success/incentives drive behavior

Question 17

Explain Banduras theory of self efficacy with the 4 sources

Answer 17

Self efficacy is the belief that one has the capability to perform a task
The four sources here are performance accomplishments (past success), vicarious experience (how others succeed), verbal persuasion dn physiological state (arousal)
This is then filtered by internal or external attribution and affects by that affect, behavior and cognition

Question 18

Explain Competence Motivation Theory

Answer 18

Success leads to more motivation which leads to more competence
Failure leads to less motivation, which leads to less competence

Question 19

Explain the Sport Competence Model

Answer 19

More sport specific version of the self efficacy model
3 Sources for Sport Competence (achievement, self regulation, social climate)
3 Sport Related Skills for application (cognitive efficacy, physical performance and resilience )

Question 20

Explain the Achievement GOal Theory and how each one relates to performance

Answer 20

There is the mastery orientation (for improving skills) and performance orientation (for being better than others)
You can have both goals art once
Mastery goals is positively related to any positive psychological construct and thereofre to performance

Question 21

What are the 5 methods of increasing intrinsic motivation

Answer 21

Create Motivating Environment (goals, success)
Emphasize Effort and not outcome
Recognize Individual Differences in strategies
Use appropriate reinforcement
Give positive and personal feedback