2: Female Repro Pathology Flashcards
other names for paramesonephric and mesonephric ducts
- parameso: Mullerian ducts
2. meso: Wolffian ducts
what do mullerian vs wolffian ducts become in females?
- mullerian: fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina
2. wolffian: regress
bartholin glands
paired mucus-producing pea sized glands at vaginal opening
koilocyte
cell with large hyperchromatic nuclei and a surrounding cleared-out halo space (seen in HPV)
two HPV types most associated with cancer vs condylomas
- CA: 16, 18
2. condylomas: 6, 11
E6 and E7 proteins in HPV
E6: increases telomerase + degrades p53
E7: cell proliferation thru inactivation of p21 and RB
what region of the cervix does HPV have a predilection for
transformation zone (btwn ectoderm squamous mucosa + endoderm columnar mucosa)
what is ASCUS
atypical cells of undetermined significance
cervical conization vs LEEP
- cervical conization: cone-shaped piece of tissue is cut out
- LEEP: loop electrosurgical excision procedure
MC overall cause of AUB
hormonal imbalances during menarche or perimenopause
four theories of how endometriosis occurs
- retrograde flow of nl endometrial tissue
- endometrium spreads thru lymph or blood stream
- due to embryologic remnants
- from bone marrow
major risk factor for endometrial hyperplasia + some examples of that**
unopposed estrogen - obesity, PCOS, HRT, tamoxifen, E-producing tumors
Lynch syndrome genetics
AD, mutation in MLH1 or MSH2 (mismatch repair genes)
presentation of Lynch syndrome
increased risk of: colorectal carcinoma, endometrial CA, ovarian CA, other GI CAs
most common ovarian malig
serous carcinomas
if an ovarian mass is malignant, how does it usually present?
bilateral
which ovarian tumor always presents unilaterally
mucinous tumors
general features of ovarian tumors
often asx/vague; adnexal mass, vaginal bleeding, abd pain, UTI sx, GI sx, weight loss, ascites
fibrothecoma
combo of fibroma + thecoma on the ovary
factors that increase chances of having twins
fertility tx, advanced maternal age, higher pregnancy number, genetic factors
