2 - definitions Flashcards
homeostasis
a state of equilibrium that is maintained in the body’s internal environment to support and sustain life
anatomical terminology
terms used to describe specific locations, positions, or directions of the human body
“anatomy” breakdown
“ana” = apart + “tome” = to cut
body organization (smallest to largest)
atom < molecule < organelle < cell < tissue < organ < organ system < organism
cell
basic building block of the human body
tissue
a grouping of similar cells that work together to perform a specialized function
four main types of tissue
connective, epithelial, nervous, muscle
6 functions of epithelial tissue
- protection (physical barrier)
- sensation (specialized cells in skin/eyes/ears/nose/tongue)
- absorption (lines small intestine for nutrient absorption)
- excretion (kidneys and sweat)
- secretion (hormones/enzymes/fluids)
- diffusion (gas exchange in lungs and vessels)
most common type of tissue
connective
three kinds of muscle tissue
- smooth - organs (involuntary / autonomic)
- skeletal - bones // movement and posture (voluntary)
- cardiac - heart (involuntary / autonomic)
nervous tissue
communicates throughout the body and controls function; conducts electricity
organs
structures, formed by combinations of tissue coming together, in the body that perform specific purposes
organ systems
groups of different organs functioning together for a common purpose
integumentary system
(skin) protective membrane, temperature regulator, sensory receptor
skeletal system
framework/support, shape, protection, mineral storage, movement via joints
muscular system
movement and heat production, posture maintenance
nervous system
transmits impulses, responds to change, responsible for communication and controls all parts of body
endocrine system
has glands that produce hormones (chemical messengers) that aid in communication within and control over the various parts of the body
cardiovascular system
transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, delivers nutrients and hormones, and removes waste products
blood/lymphatic system
transports oxygen/carbon dioxide/protein/fluids, contains chemical substances and cells that act to protect body from foreign substances (immunity)
respiratory system
provides usable oxygen for the body used by individual tissue cells and removes their gaseous waste, carbon dioxide
digestive system
digestion, absorption, and elimination
urinary system
produces, transports, and eliminates urine; maintain electrolyte/water/acid-base balance of body
reproductive system
responsible for sexual characteristics; proper function ensures progeny and maintaining human race
anatomical position (standard)
upright, head facing forward, and arms extended by the side of the body with the palms oriented to the front
pov (orientation of R and L) of anatomic position
the subject NOT the observer
body planes
the four sections in which the body is divided; sagittal, midsagittal, transverse, and coronal
sagittal
separates body or structure vertically to right and left sections
midsagittal plane
separates body or structure vertically to EQUAL right and left sections down the midline
transverse (horizontal) plane
separates body or structure horizontally into superior and inferior sections
coronal (frontal) plane
separates body or structure perpendicular to midsagittal plane to anterior and posterior sections
directional terms
describe the location of a body part in relation to another body part (anatomical position is assumed)
body cavities
hollow spaces enclosed with membranes that contain organs; cranial, thoracic, spinal, abdominopelvic
cranial cavity
posterior; contains the brain and is protected by a membrane sac (meninges) and the skull
spinal cavity
posterior; contains the spinal cord and is protected by meninges and cervical/thoracic/lumbar vertebrae
thoracic cavity
anterior; contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, aorta, and thymus gland, is protected by the ribs, and separated into the mediastinum and pleural cavities
mediastinum
central region containing heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta and thymus gland
pleural cavities
two regions lateral to the mediastinum; each contains a lung and covered by the membrane, the pleura
what separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
the diaphragm
abdominopelvic cavity
anterior; two main sections (w/ NO PHYSICAL DIVIDER): abdominal and pelvic cavities, covered by the peritoneum
abdominal cavity
superior section; contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, and most of large intestine
pelvic cavity
inferior section; contains urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, last section of large intestine, and reproductive organs (sex specific)
______
Male: prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral gland, and vas deferens
Female: vagina, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes
abdominal regions (anatomical system)
- hypochondriac regions (R and L)
- epigastric region
- lumbar regions (R and L)
- umbilical region
- iliac regions (R and L)
- hypogastric region
abdominal quadrants (clinical system)
- right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- left lower quadrant (LLQ)
RUQ contains
majority of liver, right kidney, some large intestine, small portion of pancreas, gallbladder, and section of small intestine
RLQ contains
portions of large and small intestine, right ureter, appendix, (females - right ovary and fallopian tube)
LUQ contains
a small portion of liver, spleen, left kidney, stomach, majority of pancreas, portions of small and large intestines
LLQ contains
portions of small and large intestines, left ureter, (females - left ovary and fallopian tube)
Body position terminology
commonly used in surgical positioning for efficiency; prone, supine, lithotomy position, and fowler position
prone
body positioned horizontally, face down, back oriented superiorly
supine
body positioned horizontally, face up, back oriented inferiorly
lithotomy position
supine position, buttocks at end of table, hips and knees, flexed, and feet in stirrups
fowler position
semi-recumbent position and supine but head of bed is elevated 45*
