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7th Grade Science > 1st Exams > Flashcards

1st Exams Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Stage where cell grows, makes a copy of its DNA and prepares to divide into 2 cells

A

Interphase

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2
Q

Regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo which is divided into 3 main stages: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

A

Cell cycle

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3
Q

Stage where the cells nucleus divides into two nuclei and produces two daughter cells

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

First and longest stage where chromatin bundles to form chromosomes. Nucleolus disappears and spindles form

A

Prophase

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5
Q

Second stage where all of the chromosomes are pulled to the center of the cell

A

Metaphase

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6
Q

Third stage where sister chromatids seperate and each chromatid is now a daughter. Spindles shortens and splits chromatid to opposite sides of the cell

A

Anaphase

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7
Q

Chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell and 2 new nuclei are formed

A

Telophase

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8
Q

Final stage where cytoplasm divides

A

Cytokinesis

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9
Q

Bundled up chromatin in the nucleus

A

Chromosomes

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10
Q

Joins sister chromatids at the center

A

Centromere

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11
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Genetic material that carries info about an organism from one generation to the next

A

DNA

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12
Q

Disease caused by a disruption to the cell cycle leading to uncontrolled cell division

A

Cancer

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13
Q

Abnormal mass of essentially normal cells that always remain at the site and can be removed with surgery

A

Benign

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14
Q

Mass of cancerous cells that displace normal tissue as it grows. If not killed or removed it can spread or break off to other parts of the body

A

Malignant

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15
Q

Treatment of disease such as cancer using XDrays or similar forms of radiation

A

Radiation treatment

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16
Q

Treatment of disease such as cancer by the use of chemical substances, such as cytotoxic and other drugs

A

Chemotherapy

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17
Q

Where is the DNA found

A

In the chromatin in the nucleus

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18
Q

DNA has 4 kinds of…

A

Nitrogen bases

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19
Q

How many new identical strands are formed during DNA replication

A

2

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20
Q

What is a 5 carbon dioxide sugar called in a DNA nucleotide

A

Deoxyribose

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21
Q

When pairing, what does guanine always pair with

A

Cytosine

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22
Q

Process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses to make food. Autotrophs use the Suns energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars

A

Photosynthesis

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23
Q

Obtain food from other organisms. Cannot make their own food

A

Heterotrophs

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24
Q

Use energy from the sun to make its own food

A

Autotrophs

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25
Q

In plant cells, capture energy and add in photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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26
Q

Green pigment in chloroplast

A

Chlorophyll

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27
Q

Small openings on leaves

A

Stomata

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28
Q

A cell moves particles using energy against the concentration gradient by

A

Active transport

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29
Q

Large particle are engulfed, the enclosed by the cell membrane in a process called

A

Endocytosis

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30
Q

If a cell is placed in salt water, water leaves the cell by

A

Osmosis

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31
Q

Not a form of passive transport

A

Endocytosis

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32
Q

When a plant is placed in a —- solution, there will be a loss of water causing the plant to wilt

A

Hypertonic

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33
Q

Where does photosynthesis mostly occur

A

The leaves of a plant

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34
Q

— in a plant cells capture energy using a pigment called chlorophyll

A

Chloroplasts

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35
Q

Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through —-

A

Stomata

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36
Q

In photosynthesis, light energy from the sun is converted Into — energy

A

Chemical

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37
Q

What organelle does photosynthesis take place in?

A

Chloroplasts

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38
Q

What organelle does cellular respiration take place in

A

Mitochondria

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39
Q

Scientific study of heredity

A

Genetics

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40
Q

The passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring

A

Heredity

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41
Q

An Australian monk, discovered important facts about heredity using garden peas

A

Gregor Mendel

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42
Q

Self-pollinated all offspring will have the same traits as parents

A

True breeding

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43
Q

Pollen carried from one flower to a different flower by wind, insect, or animal

A

Cross pollinating

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44
Q

Offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait

A

Hybrid

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45
Q

Genetically determined characteristics (different forms such as red, brown, or blonde hair

A

Traits

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46
Q

One set of instructions for an inherited traits

A

Genes

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47
Q

Different firms of genes

A

Alleles

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48
Q

The way an organism works and behaves (talk or short)

A

Phenotype

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49
Q

The allele combination of an organism (TT,Tt,tt)

A

Genotype

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50
Q

Two alleles for the trait are the same (TT,tt)

A

Homozygous

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51
Q

The two alleles for the trait are different (Tt)

A

Heterozygous

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52
Q

Used to predict the proportions of possible genotype a in offspring

A

Punnett square

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53
Q

A type of cell division that produces 4 cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells

A

Meiosis

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54
Q

A sex cell, is a haploid cell

A

Gamete

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55
Q

A sex cell, contains only one of each kind of chromosomes

A

Haploid

56
Q

Cells found in the body cells, which have two of each kind of chromosome

A

Diploid

57
Q

How many traits did Mendel study at a time

A

1

58
Q

What plant did Mendel use

A

Pea plant

59
Q

Mendel was the first person to succeed in predicting how — are passed to the next generation

A

Traits

60
Q

Mendel used — peas in his heredity studies

A

True breeding

61
Q

A — is the offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait

A

Hybrid

62
Q

Mendel is sometimes referred to as the father of —

A

Heredity

63
Q

The allele combination of an organism

A

Genotype

64
Q

Factors that determine traits

A

Genes

65
Q

Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other

A

Law of independent assortment

66
Q

Cross that involved two traits being studied

A

Dihybrid cross

67
Q

Alleles for traits are the same

A

Homozygous

68
Q

Different forms of genes

A

Alleles

69
Q

Every organism has two alleles which separate when gametes are produced

A

Law of segregation

70
Q

This cross is used when studying one trait

A

Monohybrid cross

71
Q

When two alleles for a trait are different

A

Heterozygous

72
Q

The way an organism looks or behaves

A

Phenotype

73
Q

The microscope that allowed scientists to see structures inside cells

A

Electron microscope

74
Q

First scientist to see living cells in pond water using a microscope

A

Leeuwenhoek

75
Q

First scientist who observed cork was made of tiny cells

A

Robert Hooke

76
Q

Microscope that uses two or more lenses and a light source to magnify objects

A

Compound light microscope

77
Q

Basic unit of all living things

A

Cells

78
Q

The plasma membrane is a — boundary of a cell

A

Flexible

79
Q

Selective permeability allows — molecules to pass through the plasma membrane

A

Some

80
Q

The — mosaic model describes the plasma membrane and its molecules

A

Fluid

81
Q

What kind of layer is the plasma membrane

A

Bilayer

82
Q

What makes up a phospholipid

A

Glycerol, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group

83
Q

Condensed chromatin that contains genetic info passed on to offspring

A

Chromosomes

84
Q

A sac-like structure used for storage (water, food, enzymes)- large single one in plant cells

A

Vacuole

85
Q

Made of microtubules and help with cell division

A

Centrioles

86
Q

Long whip like projections that aid in movement usually just one or two

A

Flagella

87
Q

Where proteins are assembled according to the DNA directions

A

Ribosomes

88
Q

Makes ribosomes inside nucleus

A

Nucleolus

89
Q

Transform chemical energy from foods into useful energy for both plant and animal cells

A

Mitochondria

90
Q

Directs activities of cells organelles

A

Nucleus

91
Q

Network of protein filament that helps cells keep their shape and helps with movement protein filaments called microtubules/micro filaments

A

Cytoskeleton

92
Q

Sorts and packages proteins and materials into structures called vesicles then shipped out

A

Golgi apparatus

93
Q

Thick fluid outside nucleus throughout cell

A

Cytoplasm

94
Q

Remove wastes using digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

95
Q

Strands of DNA located throughout nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

96
Q

Short hair like projections that wave to help move cell

A

Cilia

97
Q

Surrounds nucleus and has thousands of pores allowing material in and out of nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

98
Q

Site where lipids for membrane are assembled along with proteins- two types: rough and smooth

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

99
Q

Found in green plant cells and some Protists capturing sun energy and converting it to chemical energy

A

Chloroplasts

100
Q

Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes

A

Sex linked traits

101
Q

Blood type is an example of this

A

Codominant alleles

102
Q

First 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes

A

Autosomes

103
Q

When neither allele of the parent is completely dominant, offspring shows mixed phenotype

A

Incomplete dominance

104
Q

Having more than two alleles for a genetic trait

A

Multiple alleles

105
Q

23rd pair of chromosomes in Human

A

Sex chromosomes

106
Q

Inheritance pattern of a trait that is controlled by two or more genes

A

Polygenic inheritance

107
Q

Proteins are made up of —

A

Amino acids

108
Q

In DNA, — always forms hydrogen bonds with guanine

A

Cytosine

109
Q

The message of the DNA code is info for building —

A

Proteins

110
Q

— is the sugar molecule found in RNA

A

Ribose

111
Q

The genetic info in the DNA is transcribed to the — strand

A

mRNA

112
Q

— carry specific amino acids to the ribosome

A

tRNA

113
Q

Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil are nitrogen bases found in —

A

RNA

114
Q

Any change In a gene or chromosome is called a —

A

Mutation

115
Q

Dolly the sheep was a successful example

A

Clone

116
Q

Breeders cross two genetically different individuals in hopes of getting better traits

A

Hybridization

117
Q

Breeders cross two genetically different individuals in hopes of getting best traits

A

Hybridization

118
Q

Indentifies the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome

A

Human genome project

119
Q

Genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA of another

A

Genetic engineering

120
Q

Process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of next generation

A

Selective breeding

121
Q

Inserts copies of a gene directly into a persons cell

A

Gene therapy

122
Q

All the DNA in one cell of an organism

A

Genome

123
Q

Involves crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics

A

Inbreeding

124
Q

Diagram or family tree of genetic inheritance used by geneticists to map genetic traits

A

Pedigree

125
Q

Photo of a persons chromosome arranged in pair and can reveal whether a person has the correct number of chromosomes

A

Karyotype

126
Q

Process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of next generation

A

Selective breeding

127
Q

All the DNA in one cell of an organism

A

Genome

128
Q

Breeders cross two genetically different individuals in hopes of offspring having best traits from both parents

A

Hybridization

129
Q

Subjects closely resembling the treatment group in many demographic variables but not receiving the active medication or factor under study and thereby serving as a comparison group when treatment results are evaluated

A

Control

130
Q

A set of principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experience, in the formulation of testing of hypothesis

A

Scientific method

131
Q

An idea or theory that is not proven but that leads to further study or discussion

A

Hypothesis

132
Q

A final decision or judgment: opinion or decision that is formed after a period of thought or research

A

Conclusion

133
Q

To study something closely and carefully

A

Analyze

134
Q

The activity of getting info about the subject

A

Research

135
Q

Able or likely to change or be changed: not always the same

A

Variable

136
Q

To reach a conclusion based on known facts

A

Infer

7th Grade Science (16 decks)

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