1st Exams Flashcards
Stage where cell grows, makes a copy of its DNA and prepares to divide into 2 cells
Interphase
Regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo which is divided into 3 main stages: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
Cell cycle
Stage where the cells nucleus divides into two nuclei and produces two daughter cells
Mitosis
First and longest stage where chromatin bundles to form chromosomes. Nucleolus disappears and spindles form
Prophase
Second stage where all of the chromosomes are pulled to the center of the cell
Metaphase
Third stage where sister chromatids seperate and each chromatid is now a daughter. Spindles shortens and splits chromatid to opposite sides of the cell
Anaphase
Chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell and 2 new nuclei are formed
Telophase
Final stage where cytoplasm divides
Cytokinesis
Bundled up chromatin in the nucleus
Chromosomes
Joins sister chromatids at the center
Centromere
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Genetic material that carries info about an organism from one generation to the next
DNA
Disease caused by a disruption to the cell cycle leading to uncontrolled cell division
Cancer
Abnormal mass of essentially normal cells that always remain at the site and can be removed with surgery
Benign
Mass of cancerous cells that displace normal tissue as it grows. If not killed or removed it can spread or break off to other parts of the body
Malignant
Treatment of disease such as cancer using XDrays or similar forms of radiation
Radiation treatment
Treatment of disease such as cancer by the use of chemical substances, such as cytotoxic and other drugs
Chemotherapy
Where is the DNA found
In the chromatin in the nucleus
DNA has 4 kinds of…
Nitrogen bases
How many new identical strands are formed during DNA replication
2
What is a 5 carbon dioxide sugar called in a DNA nucleotide
Deoxyribose
When pairing, what does guanine always pair with
Cytosine
Process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses to make food. Autotrophs use the Suns energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars
Photosynthesis
Obtain food from other organisms. Cannot make their own food
Heterotrophs
Use energy from the sun to make its own food
Autotrophs
In plant cells, capture energy and add in photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Green pigment in chloroplast
Chlorophyll
Small openings on leaves
Stomata
A cell moves particles using energy against the concentration gradient by
Active transport
Large particle are engulfed, the enclosed by the cell membrane in a process called
Endocytosis
If a cell is placed in salt water, water leaves the cell by
Osmosis
Not a form of passive transport
Endocytosis
When a plant is placed in a —- solution, there will be a loss of water causing the plant to wilt
Hypertonic
Where does photosynthesis mostly occur
The leaves of a plant
— in a plant cells capture energy using a pigment called chlorophyll
Chloroplasts
Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through —-
Stomata
In photosynthesis, light energy from the sun is converted Into — energy
Chemical
What organelle does photosynthesis take place in?
Chloroplasts
What organelle does cellular respiration take place in
Mitochondria
Scientific study of heredity
Genetics
The passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring
Heredity
An Australian monk, discovered important facts about heredity using garden peas
Gregor Mendel
Self-pollinated all offspring will have the same traits as parents
True breeding
Pollen carried from one flower to a different flower by wind, insect, or animal
Cross pollinating
Offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait
Hybrid
Genetically determined characteristics (different forms such as red, brown, or blonde hair
Traits
One set of instructions for an inherited traits
Genes
Different firms of genes
Alleles
The way an organism works and behaves (talk or short)
Phenotype
The allele combination of an organism (TT,Tt,tt)
Genotype
Two alleles for the trait are the same (TT,tt)
Homozygous
The two alleles for the trait are different (Tt)
Heterozygous
Used to predict the proportions of possible genotype a in offspring
Punnett square
A type of cell division that produces 4 cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells
Meiosis
A sex cell, is a haploid cell
Gamete