1st Exams Flashcards
Stage where cell grows, makes a copy of its DNA and prepares to divide into 2 cells
Interphase
Regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo which is divided into 3 main stages: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
Cell cycle
Stage where the cells nucleus divides into two nuclei and produces two daughter cells
Mitosis
First and longest stage where chromatin bundles to form chromosomes. Nucleolus disappears and spindles form
Prophase
Second stage where all of the chromosomes are pulled to the center of the cell
Metaphase
Third stage where sister chromatids seperate and each chromatid is now a daughter. Spindles shortens and splits chromatid to opposite sides of the cell
Anaphase
Chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell and 2 new nuclei are formed
Telophase
Final stage where cytoplasm divides
Cytokinesis
Bundled up chromatin in the nucleus
Chromosomes
Joins sister chromatids at the center
Centromere
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Genetic material that carries info about an organism from one generation to the next
DNA
Disease caused by a disruption to the cell cycle leading to uncontrolled cell division
Cancer
Abnormal mass of essentially normal cells that always remain at the site and can be removed with surgery
Benign
Mass of cancerous cells that displace normal tissue as it grows. If not killed or removed it can spread or break off to other parts of the body
Malignant
Treatment of disease such as cancer using XDrays or similar forms of radiation
Radiation treatment
Treatment of disease such as cancer by the use of chemical substances, such as cytotoxic and other drugs
Chemotherapy
Where is the DNA found
In the chromatin in the nucleus
DNA has 4 kinds of…
Nitrogen bases
How many new identical strands are formed during DNA replication
2
What is a 5 carbon dioxide sugar called in a DNA nucleotide
Deoxyribose
When pairing, what does guanine always pair with
Cytosine
Process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses to make food. Autotrophs use the Suns energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars
Photosynthesis
Obtain food from other organisms. Cannot make their own food
Heterotrophs
Use energy from the sun to make its own food
Autotrophs
In plant cells, capture energy and add in photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Green pigment in chloroplast
Chlorophyll
Small openings on leaves
Stomata
A cell moves particles using energy against the concentration gradient by
Active transport
Large particle are engulfed, the enclosed by the cell membrane in a process called
Endocytosis
If a cell is placed in salt water, water leaves the cell by
Osmosis
Not a form of passive transport
Endocytosis
When a plant is placed in a —- solution, there will be a loss of water causing the plant to wilt
Hypertonic
Where does photosynthesis mostly occur
The leaves of a plant
— in a plant cells capture energy using a pigment called chlorophyll
Chloroplasts
Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through —-
Stomata
In photosynthesis, light energy from the sun is converted Into — energy
Chemical
What organelle does photosynthesis take place in?
Chloroplasts
What organelle does cellular respiration take place in
Mitochondria
Scientific study of heredity
Genetics
The passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring
Heredity
An Australian monk, discovered important facts about heredity using garden peas
Gregor Mendel
Self-pollinated all offspring will have the same traits as parents
True breeding
Pollen carried from one flower to a different flower by wind, insect, or animal
Cross pollinating
Offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait
Hybrid
Genetically determined characteristics (different forms such as red, brown, or blonde hair
Traits
One set of instructions for an inherited traits
Genes
Different firms of genes
Alleles
The way an organism works and behaves (talk or short)
Phenotype
The allele combination of an organism (TT,Tt,tt)
Genotype
Two alleles for the trait are the same (TT,tt)
Homozygous
The two alleles for the trait are different (Tt)
Heterozygous
Used to predict the proportions of possible genotype a in offspring
Punnett square
A type of cell division that produces 4 cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells
Meiosis
A sex cell, is a haploid cell
Gamete
A sex cell, contains only one of each kind of chromosomes
Haploid
Cells found in the body cells, which have two of each kind of chromosome
Diploid
How many traits did Mendel study at a time
1
What plant did Mendel use
Pea plant
Mendel was the first person to succeed in predicting how — are passed to the next generation
Traits
Mendel used — peas in his heredity studies
True breeding
A — is the offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait
Hybrid
Mendel is sometimes referred to as the father of —
Heredity
The allele combination of an organism
Genotype
Factors that determine traits
Genes
Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
Law of independent assortment
Cross that involved two traits being studied
Dihybrid cross
Alleles for traits are the same
Homozygous
Different forms of genes
Alleles
Every organism has two alleles which separate when gametes are produced
Law of segregation
This cross is used when studying one trait
Monohybrid cross
When two alleles for a trait are different
Heterozygous
The way an organism looks or behaves
Phenotype
The microscope that allowed scientists to see structures inside cells
Electron microscope
First scientist to see living cells in pond water using a microscope
Leeuwenhoek
First scientist who observed cork was made of tiny cells
Robert Hooke
Microscope that uses two or more lenses and a light source to magnify objects
Compound light microscope
Basic unit of all living things
Cells
The plasma membrane is a — boundary of a cell
Flexible
Selective permeability allows — molecules to pass through the plasma membrane
Some
The — mosaic model describes the plasma membrane and its molecules
Fluid
What kind of layer is the plasma membrane
Bilayer
What makes up a phospholipid
Glycerol, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group
Condensed chromatin that contains genetic info passed on to offspring
Chromosomes
A sac-like structure used for storage (water, food, enzymes)- large single one in plant cells
Vacuole
Made of microtubules and help with cell division
Centrioles
Long whip like projections that aid in movement usually just one or two
Flagella
Where proteins are assembled according to the DNA directions
Ribosomes
Makes ribosomes inside nucleus
Nucleolus
Transform chemical energy from foods into useful energy for both plant and animal cells
Mitochondria
Directs activities of cells organelles
Nucleus
Network of protein filament that helps cells keep their shape and helps with movement protein filaments called microtubules/micro filaments
Cytoskeleton
Sorts and packages proteins and materials into structures called vesicles then shipped out
Golgi apparatus
Thick fluid outside nucleus throughout cell
Cytoplasm
Remove wastes using digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
Strands of DNA located throughout nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Short hair like projections that wave to help move cell
Cilia
Surrounds nucleus and has thousands of pores allowing material in and out of nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Site where lipids for membrane are assembled along with proteins- two types: rough and smooth
Endoplasmic reticulum
Found in green plant cells and some Protists capturing sun energy and converting it to chemical energy
Chloroplasts
Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes
Sex linked traits
Blood type is an example of this
Codominant alleles
First 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes
Autosomes
When neither allele of the parent is completely dominant, offspring shows mixed phenotype
Incomplete dominance
Having more than two alleles for a genetic trait
Multiple alleles
23rd pair of chromosomes in Human
Sex chromosomes
Inheritance pattern of a trait that is controlled by two or more genes
Polygenic inheritance
Proteins are made up of —
Amino acids
In DNA, — always forms hydrogen bonds with guanine
Cytosine
The message of the DNA code is info for building —
Proteins
— is the sugar molecule found in RNA
Ribose
The genetic info in the DNA is transcribed to the — strand
mRNA
— carry specific amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA
Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil are nitrogen bases found in —
RNA
Any change In a gene or chromosome is called a —
Mutation
Dolly the sheep was a successful example
Clone
Breeders cross two genetically different individuals in hopes of getting better traits
Hybridization
Breeders cross two genetically different individuals in hopes of getting best traits
Hybridization
Indentifies the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome
Human genome project
Genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA of another
Genetic engineering
Process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of next generation
Selective breeding
Inserts copies of a gene directly into a persons cell
Gene therapy
All the DNA in one cell of an organism
Genome
Involves crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics
Inbreeding
Diagram or family tree of genetic inheritance used by geneticists to map genetic traits
Pedigree
Photo of a persons chromosome arranged in pair and can reveal whether a person has the correct number of chromosomes
Karyotype
Process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of next generation
Selective breeding
All the DNA in one cell of an organism
Genome
Breeders cross two genetically different individuals in hopes of offspring having best traits from both parents
Hybridization
Subjects closely resembling the treatment group in many demographic variables but not receiving the active medication or factor under study and thereby serving as a comparison group when treatment results are evaluated
Control
A set of principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experience, in the formulation of testing of hypothesis
Scientific method
An idea or theory that is not proven but that leads to further study or discussion
Hypothesis
A final decision or judgment: opinion or decision that is formed after a period of thought or research
Conclusion
To study something closely and carefully
Analyze
The activity of getting info about the subject
Research
Able or likely to change or be changed: not always the same
Variable
To reach a conclusion based on known facts
Infer
