18th and 19th century + quackery

Question 1

what was quackery?

Answer 1

people began to invent and sell medicine in the 17th + 18th Centuries

Question 2

what did “Quacks” do?

Answer 2

after Dutch word “quacksalver” ( someone who boasts loudly about cures) sold medicines knowing they didn’t work

Question 3

what was quack medicine sold as?

Answer 3

preventative and cure, often made up claims

Question 4

who invented Daffy’s Elixir?

Answer 4

Leicestershire Clergyman in 1647

Question 5

what did Daffy’s Elixir claim to cure?

Answer 5

among other things, “ convulsion fits, consumption, agues, piles, fits, children’s distempers, worms, gout, rheumatism, kidney stones, colic and griping of thd bowels”

Question 6

what were the ingredients of Daffy’s Elixir?

Answer 6

brandy, aniseed, raisins, cochineal, fennel seed , jalap, parsley seed, rhubarb, saffron, senna and Spanish liquorice

Question 7

what was the impact at the time of Daffy’s Elixir?

Answer 7

very little impact, except suitable laxative

Question 8

what were the 2 main ingredients in quack medicine?

Answer 8

alcohol and opium, numbed pain a little

Question 9

what did success of quackery depend on?

Answer 9

• skill of salesman
• uncertainty of patient during epidemics like plague people were desperate, most likely to buy quack medicine
• good packaging
• grown of newspapers , advertise more widely for bigger market

Question 10

what was an example for good packaging?

Answer 10

“Turlington’s Balsam of Life”

given royal patent by George 2 in 1744 (useless)

Question 11

why was john hunter significant?

Answer 11

wrote books in 1771 The Natural History of Teeth

1786 on Venereal Disease and Blood Inflammation and gunshot wounds

Question 12

what method did john hunter use?

Answer 12

used the scientific method, injected himself with gonorrhoea to see if he was protected from syphilis (wasnt)

Question 13

what happened in 1785?

Answer 13

used pioneering surgery on an aneurysm, mans leg was saved

Question 14

what was john hunters background?

Answer 14

• dealt with many gunshot wounds + amputations
• surgeon to King George 3rd
• Jenner one of his students

Question 15

what was Hunter famous for?

Answer 15

famous surgeon and anatomist and famous teacher of anatomy, training the best surgeons of the time + spent long dissecting human bodies

Question 16

what did john hunter believe was the best way to treat wounds?

Answer 16

best way to deal deep wounds = leave as much as possible to nature

Question 17

what was john hunters opposition?

Answer 17

accused of “burking” - always had a supply of fresh bodies

Question 18

in how many people died of small pox in Britain?

Answer 18

endemic in Britain, killed 35,000 people in 1796 and 1837-40 further 42,000

Question 19

what did people think caused small pox?

Answer 19

created by miasma/ bad air

Question 20

what were most survivors of small pox left as?

Answer 20

some survivors left blind and virtually disfigured by scars

Question 21

when did queen mary die of smallpox?

Answer 21

1694

Question 22

how did jenner discover his theory?

Answer 22

country doctor in Gloucestershire, heard rumours that milkmaids who caught cowpox never seemed to catch small pox, guessed they must be immune

Question 23

how did jenner test his theory?

Answer 23

9 year old local boy, James Phipps injected him with pus from cowpox, developed the disease, once recovered was given small pox, immune

Question 24

what did jenner do in 1797?

Answer 24

submitted paper to the Royal Society, needed more proof

Question 25

who else did he experiment on?

Answer 25

his 11 month old, taking detailed notes + records

Question 26

what did jenner publish in 1798?

Answer 26

“A inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Varioae Vaccine or Cow Pox”

Question 27

what happened in 1802?

Answer 27

continued to work on vaccination, awarded £10,000 by the government for work, and further £20,000 in 1807 after Royal College of Physicians

Question 28

what was the reaction of Jenners vaccine?

Answer 28

mixed

• physicians who charged £20 per inoculation were very angry
• many thought small pox was Gods punishment for being sinners and thought it was wrong to limit the spread

Question 29

reaction of parents to jenners vaccine?

Answer 29

some thought it was parental decision whether to vaccinate or not and not the governments decision to interfere

Question 30

what happened in 1840 for Jenner?

Answer 30

vaccinations made free for all infants

1853 made compulsory but not strictly enforced

Question 31

what showed the fear of smallpox?

Answer 31

at a Time when governments believed in the laissez faire, to intervene shows how scared people were of smallpox

Question 32

what is the long-term significance of Jenners work?

Answer 32

in the 20th century diseases such as polio, measles diphtheria and whooping cough have almost been eliminated through vaccination programs ( and work of erhlich and koch)

Question 33

what was the significance of rhubarb?

Answer 33

rhubarb was hailed as a wonder drug when first introduced from Asia

Question 34

what was the significance of Chinchona?

Answer 34

A plant which contains quinine, a drug used to treat malaria

Question 35

what was the significance of opium?

Answer 35

residue from the poppy plant which can be used to reduce the feeling of pain from an injury

Question 36

what was the significance of tobacco?

Answer 36

tobacco quickly found many uses in herbal remedies