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chemistry > 18 - carbonyl compounds > Flashcards

18 - carbonyl compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

aldehyde formation

A

. primary alcohol oxidation
primary alcohol + oxygen from oxidising agent => aldehyde + water

. oxidising agent = pot. dichromate with sulfuric acid
. need heat
. orange to green (Cr3+ ions)
. immediately distill off aldehyde to prevent turning to carboxylic acid

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2
Q

ketone formation

A

. secondary alcohol oxidation
secondary alcohol + oxygen from oxidising agent => ketone + water

. oxidising agent = pot. dichromate with dilute sulfuric acid
. need heat
. orange to green (Cr3+ ions)

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3
Q

carbonyl atoms in aldehydes and ketones

A

. aldehyde: on the side
. ketone: bonded to 2 atoms

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4
Q

naming aldehydes and ketons

A

aldehydes: - al
ketones: -one

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5
Q

reduction of aldehydes and ketones

A

aldehyde + reducing agent => primary alcohol

ketones + reducing agent => secondary alcohol

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6
Q

reducing agent conditions for aldehyde/ketone reduction

A

. warm NaBH4
. LiAlH4 dissolved in try ether at rtp (reacts in water)

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7
Q

aldehye/ketone + HCN (heat)

A

nitrile formed

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8
Q

can nitriles be easily hydrolysed

A

yes, make carboxylic acids

nitrile + HCl + H2O => carboxylic acid + NH4Cl
reflux

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9
Q

2 - hydroxynitrile

A

the product from the nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide to a carbonyl compound

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10
Q

test for carbonyl group

A

2,4 - DNPH
. gives orange ppt.

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11
Q

test to distinguish between an aldehyde and ketone

A

Tollen’s reagent
. Ag+ ion = ox. agent
. aldehyde = silver mirrored formed (redox)
. ketone = no change/remains colourless (no redox)

Fehling’s solution
. alkaline
. Cu2+ ions = oxidising agent
. aldehydes = blue to orange/red opaque (oxidised)
. ketones = no change/remains blue (not oxidised)

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12
Q

forming tri-oodomethane

A

. CH3CO- group
. reagent = alkaline solution of iodine
. steps: carbonyl compound halogenated, intermediate hydrolysed, yellow ppt formed
. crystals have melting point 119°C

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13
Q

infrared spectroscopy

A

a technique for identifying compounds based on the change in vibrations of particular atoms when infrared radiation of specific frequencies is absorbed

machine used = spectrophotometer

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14
Q

resonance frequency

A

the frequency of absorption of radiation which stimulates larger vibrations in bonds to allow the absorption of energy

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15
Q

infrared spectroscopy graph

A

y axis = absorbance
X axis = wave number

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16
Q

wave number

A

reciprocal of wavelength

chemistry (18 decks)

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