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chemistry > 15 - hydrocarbons > Flashcards

15 - hydrocarbons Flashcards

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1
Q

alkanes

A

saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2

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2
Q

saturated hydrocarbons

A

compound of hydrogen and carbon only in which the C-C bonds are all single covalent bonds, resulting in the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule

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3
Q

why are alkanes generally unreactive

A

small electronegativity difference between C and H (almost equal electron sharing)

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4
Q

are alkanes polar or non polar

A

non polar

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5
Q

what attracts nucleophiles

A

no partial positive charges on carbon atoms

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6
Q

what attracts electrophiles

A

areas of high electron density

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7
Q

alkane reactions

A

. combustion
. substitution by halogens in sunlight

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8
Q

non polar compounds don’t react with polar compounds

A

they are immiscible

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9
Q

alkane combustion (complete)

A

alkane + oxygen => carbon dioxide + water

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10
Q

alkane incomplete combustion (when petrol/diesel mixed with air)

A

alkane + oxygen => carbon monoxide + water

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11
Q

carbon monoxide

A

. toxic gas
. bonds with haemoglobin in blood
. oxygen can’t bond and can’t be transported
. odourless

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12
Q

road traffic releases what gases?

A

. carbon monoxide
. acidic nitrogen oxide (contribute to acid rain which kills life and corrodes buildings)
. unburnt hydrocarbons/ VOCs

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13
Q

catalytic converters

A

. oxidation of carbon monoxide
. reduction of nitrogen oxides
. oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons

DON’T REDUCE CO2

2CO + 2NO => 2CO2 + N2
2CO + O2 => 2CO2

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14
Q

alkane substitution reaction

A

alkane + halogen => haloalkane + HCl

INITIATION STEP
Cl2 => UV light => 2Cl

PROPAGATION STEP
CH3CH3 + Cl. => .CH2CH3 + HCl
.CH2CH3 + Cl2 => CH3CH2Cl + Cl.

TERMINATION STEP
2 free radicals reaction, eg
.CH2CH3 + .Cl => ClCH2CH3
.CH2CH3 + .CH2CH3 => CH3CH2CH2CH3

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15
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

compounds of hydrogen and carbon only whose molecules contain carbon to carbon double/triple bonds

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16
Q

cracking

A

the process in which large, less useful hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller, more useful molecules in an oil refinery

17
Q

lighter factions of crude oil are in

A

higher demand

18
Q

ways to make alkenes

A

. catalytic cracking
. elimination of a hydrogen halide from a halogenoalkane by heating with ethanolic sodium hydroxide
. deydration of an alcohol by using. heated catalyst or concentrated acid

19
Q

what is dehydration

A

elimination of a water molecule from a reactant molecules

20
Q

addition reactions of the alkanes

A

. hydrogenation (addition of alkenes with hydrogen)
. addition of hydrogen halides
. addition of halogens
. addition of steam (high temp, high pressure, H3PO4 catalyst)

21
Q

intermediate

A

a species, such a a a carbocation, which is formed at a particular step of the reaction.

stable enough to react with another substance, but not stable enough to be a product

often a have a partial postive / negative

22
Q

bromine test

A

bromine water decolorises if compound is unsaturated

23
Q

unsaturation test (not br)

A

alkene + KMnO4 cold => diol

purple to colourless

24
Q

powerful oxidsing agent

A

KMnO4

25
Q

R and H bonded to C of alkene

A

aldehyde, carboxylic acid (further oxidation)

26
Q

R1 and R2 bonded to C in alkene

A

ketone

27
Q

polymer

A

a long-chain molecule made up of many repeating units derived from the monomers

28
Q

monomers

A

small molecules that react together to make long chain molecules (polymer)

29
Q

addition polymerisation

A

the reaction of many monomers containing at least one double CC bond to form the long chain polymers as the only product

30
Q

repeat unit

A

the smallest group of atoms that when linked successively make up the whole polymer chain (apart from the two end units)

INSIDE SQUARE BRACKETS

chemistry (18 decks)

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