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chemistry > 14 - introduction to organic chemistry > Flashcards

14 - introduction to organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

ways of representing organic molecules:

A

. empirical formula
. molecular formula
. structural formula
. displayed formula
. skeletal formula

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2
Q

empirical formula

A

simplest ratio of the different types of atoms present in the molecule

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3
Q

molecular formula

A

shows actual numbers of each type of atom in a molecule

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4
Q

structural formula

A

the formula that shows how many, and the symbols of, atoms bonded to each carbon atom in an organic molecule

shows double bonds

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5
Q

displayed formula

A

a 2D representation of an organic molecule, showing all its atoms (by symbols) and their bonds

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6
Q

skeletal formula

A

simplified displayed formula with all C and H atoms and C-H bonds removed

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7
Q

homologous series

A

a group of organic compounds having the same functional group, the same general formula, and similar chemical properties

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8
Q

functional group

A

an atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule which determines the characteristic chemical reactions

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9
Q

general formula

A

a formula that represents a homologous series of compounds using letters and numbers

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10
Q

aliphatic

A

straight or branched chain organic compounds, and also include cyclic organic compounds that do not contain benzene rings

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11
Q

alkenes general formula

A

CnH2n

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12
Q

halogenoalkenes general formula

A

CnH2n+1X

X = F, Cl, Br, I
chloromethane (CH3Cl)

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13
Q

alcohols general formula

A

CnH2n+1OH
methanol (CH3OH)

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14
Q

aldehydes general formula

A

CnHn+1CHO
ethanal (CH3CHO)

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15
Q

ketones general formula

A

CnH2n+1COCmH2m+1
propanone (CH3COCH3)

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16
Q

carboxylic acids general formula

A

CnH2n+1COOH
ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

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17
Q

esters general formula

A

CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1
propyl ethanoate (CH3COOC3H7)

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18
Q

amines general formula

A

CnH2n+1NH2
methylamine (CH3NH2)

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19
Q

nitriles general formula

A

CnH2n+1CN
ethanenitrile (CH3CN)

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20
Q

aryl compound

A

have a benzene ring

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21
Q

benzene

A

C6H6 (circle inside hexagon)

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22
Q

single covalent bonds

A

a bond made up of a pair of electrons shared between two atoms

23
Q

sigma bonds

A

a single covalent bond formed by thr end on overlap of atomic orbitals

24
Q

pi bond

A

covalent bond formedc by sideways overlap of p and p OR p and d atomic orbitals

25
Q

why do the two lobes making up a pi bond lie above and below the plane of atoms

A

to maximise overlap

26
Q

triple bond has how many pi bonds

A

2

27
Q

structural isomerism

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

28
Q

types of structural isomerism

A

. position isomerism
. functional group isomerism
. chain isomerism

29
Q

position isomerism

A

functional group location varies

30
Q

functional group isomerism

A

different functional groups

31
Q

chain isomerism

A

different carbon skeleton

32
Q

stereoisomers

A

compounds whose molecules have the same atoms bonded to each other in the same way, butg with a different arrangement of atoms in space so that the molecules cannot be superimposed by each other

33
Q

types of stereoisomers

A

. geometrical (cis/trans) isomerism
. optical isomerism

34
Q

geometrical (cis/trans) isomerism

A

. no free rotation about a CC double bond
. cis = Br aoms on same side
. trans = Br positioned across double bond
. have different chemical properties (reaction rates)
. possible in substituted cyclic compounds

35
Q

optical isomerism

A

. also called enantiomers (pair of optically active molecules whose mirror images cannot be superimposed)
. C atoms at enantiomers’ center is called chiral center
. pair of optical rotates a plane polarised light my same magnitude, in opposite directions

36
Q

chiral center

A

a carbon atom with the four different atoms or group of atoms attached, allows optical isomers to exist

37
Q

do symmetrical substituted cyclic molecules have a chiral center

A

no

38
Q

reaction mechanism

A

the series of steps that take place in the course of the overall reaction

39
Q

ways in which a covalent bonds can break

A

. homolytic fission
. heterolytic fission

40
Q

homolytic fission

A

. both atoms get one electron from the shared covalent pair
. make free radicals (shown with a dot)
. free radical reaction occurs

41
Q

free radical reaction

A

. initiation : free radicals formed
. propagation : steps regenerating more free radicals
. termination : 2 free radicals meet and form a product molecule

42
Q

heterolytic fission

A

. uneven breaking of a covalent bond
. more electrongative atom grakesxc both electrons
. forms ions
. draw arrow from bond to negative

43
Q

carbocation

A

an alkyl group with a single positive charge on one of its carbon atoms, formed in reaction mechanisms

types:
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary (most stable)

44
Q

inductive effect

A

the uneven sharing of electrons along a covalent bond, electron donating species are said to have a positive inducing effect

45
Q

more alkyl groups =? stable

A

more stable

46
Q

more alkyl groups =? stable

A

more stable

47
Q

electrophile

A

a species in organic chemistry that cafbm ct as an electron pair acceptor

48
Q

nucleophiles

A

species that can act as a donor of a pair of electrons

49
Q

types of organic reactions

A

. addition
. elimination
. condesnation
. substitution reactions (free radical sub)
. oxidation
. reduction

50
Q

addition reactions

A

an organic reaction in which two or more molecules combine to give a single product molecule

51
Q

elimination reaction

A

a reaction in which a small molecule (water, HCl) is removed from an organic molecule

52
Q

condensation reaction

A

a reaction in which two organic molecules join together and in the process, eliminate a small molecule

53
Q

substitution reaction

A

a reaction that involve the replacement of one atom or group of atoms, by another

chemistry (18 decks)

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