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002 - 6130 - Vet Phys > (18) Avian Part Two > Flashcards

(18) Avian Part Two Flashcards

1
Q

(Anatomical Dead Space Issue)

  1. Trachea is how much bigger than mammal?
  2. How much bigger is anatomic dead space?
  3. What happens in those with complex tracheas?
  4. What is the physiological solution?
A
  1. 2.7x longer and 1.3x wider
  2. 4.5x larger
  3. the problem is magnified
  4. decreased respiratory frequency
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2
Q
  1. Dead space is propotional to what?
  2. So if you reduce frequency what happens?
  3. So how do birds compensate for increased dead space?
A
  1. Respiratory frequency
  2. reduce dead space
  3. lower respiratory frequency
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3
Q

(Regulation of Respiration)

  1. What are the known similarities to mammalian in regulation? (two each with two subs)
  2. What do birds do that is extra?
A
  1. peripheral receptors (aortic body, carotid body); central chemoreceptors (pH, CO2)
  2. Phase locking with wing beats (crow 1:1, pheasant, chicken 5:1, hummingbird 100:1)
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4
Q

Look at this… on ipad

What are the differences between birds and mammals?

(there are three of them)

A
  1. Rather than lung stretch receptors, have intrapulmonary receptors (chemoreceptors)
  2. Rather than diaphragm, use intercostal muscles, sternal elevators, and external abdominal muscles
  3. instead of phrenic nerve seding info to diaphragm, use multiple plexi nerve extensions from C14-S1
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5
Q

(Intrapulmonary Chemoreceptor - IPC)

  1. Sensitive to what?
  2. Located where?
  3. How distributed?
  4. bias towards what?
  5. is pulmonary sensitivty to CO2 relatively uniform?
A
  1. CO2
  2. parabronchi
  3. asymmetrically
  4. ostia at posterior of paleopulmonic lung (fresh air)
  5. yes
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6
Q

(Intra-Pulmonary Chemoreceptors)

  1. Respond to what kinds of CO2
  2. How does firing rate in afferent fibers (CN X) respond to an increase in CO2 (hyperpnea)?
  3. Effectively, what happens?
A
  1. air-borne and blood-borne
  2. decreased firing rate
  3. decreased inhibition of rhythm generators in CNS
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7
Q

(Intra-Pulmonary Chemoreceptors)

  1. Conceptually analagous to what?
  2. Largely regulates what kind of respiration? What two types of regulation?
  3. Physiological basis for adaptation to what?
A
  1. stretch receptors (Hering-Breur reflex)
  2. intra-tidal respiration; volume regulation and frequency regulation
  3. extreme environments
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8
Q

(Some Challenges Met by Avian Respiratory System)

  1. What kind of environments offer a problem?
  2. What is the problem?
  3. What is another problem?
  4. And another? what is the real issue here?
A
  1. poorly ventilated environments (nesting burrows) ex burrowing owls, pelagic seabirds
  2. high levels of CO2
  3. deep, long dives (loons and penguins) - metabolic activity is producing a lot of CO2
  4. high-altitude flight (the bar-headed goose) - not so much of problem with CO2 - more with hypoxia
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9
Q

(Burrow Nesting Birds)

What is the atmospheric CO2 relative to that in burrow?

How do they address this problem?

A
  1. 0.03% atmospheric, 3% in burrow (1OOx increase, 10% CO2 is lethal)
  2. by decreased sensitivity of IPC to CO2
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10
Q

(IPC response to CO2 in Pigeons and Burrowing Owl)

  1. How did they research this?
  2. What did they monitor?
  3. How did the owl’s response compare to
  4. How did the firing rate of afferent vagal fibers compare?
  5. So what does decrease of firing rate from vagal nerve cause?
  6. Receptor sensitivty altered… postulated to be a change in what?
A
  1. Varied CO2 levels, monitored signals coming from the vagal fibers
  2. volume change and respiratory rate
  3. barn owl had significantly response for both
  4. In pigeon when CO2 reached 6% it stopped firing, in owl it kept going for longer
  5. reduction in inhibition - then respiratory rates will increase
  6. change in buffering of intracellular Hydrogen ion concentration
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11
Q

(Deep Diving and Diving Reflex)

  1. Stimulation of what?
  2. notable what?
  3. induces what?
  4. In birds, is bradycardia apnea dependent?
  5. mediated by what cranial nerve afferents?
A
  1. head and facial features
  2. bradycardia (slow heart rate)
  3. apnea (stops in breathing)
  4. yes
  5. V, IX, and X
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12
Q

(The Emperor Penguin)

  1. Dives to what depths?
  2. Stays submerged how long?
  3. Does it exhibit bradycardia?
  4. What is the problem? How do they address it?
  5. Longer the dive the lower the what?
A
  1. 100 M
  2. 15 minutes +
  3. extremem bradycardia (6 bpm)
  4. accumulating CO2; they have mechanisms to override ventilatory stimulation from CO2 accumulation
  5. heart rate
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13
Q

(Mechanims to prevent override in diving)

  1. In addition to slowing the heart rate what happens?
  2. Because birds are using oxygen stored in myoglobin in the muscle - what happens to the lactate? What is the effect of this? What does this lead to a decrease in?
  3. What is decoupled?
  4. Stimuli for breathing are blocked or no?
  5. What happens to heart and respiratory rate when they come out of water?
  6. What do they do before the dive?
A
  1. greatly reduces circulation to limbs; no blood flow to splachnic circulation
  2. it doesn’t build up in the circulation; no CO2 buildup in blood; decrease stimulation of IPC and central sensor systems
  3. phase-lock with limbs
  4. yes, they are blocked
  5. are both really high
  6. Voluntarily increase heart rate to pack myoglobin with O2 before dive
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14
Q

(Clinical Applications)

  1. What are the main things you look at during anesthesia monitoring and management?
  2. Signifcance of what?

These are four more clinical applications -

  1. air sac cannulization
  2. respiratory diseases
  3. nebulization therapy - delivery to airsacs
  4. endoscopy
A
  1. Respiratory rate and character (the key things); lesser so Blood Gases: end-tidal CO2 (capnography) - increasingly used for anesthesia monitoring
  2. apnea (they dont have a O2 reservoir)
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15
Q

(Clinical Applications of Regulation of ventiliation concepts)

  1. Is altered CO2 sensitivity species specific? What may there be issues with?
  2. Diving Reflex induced by? What does it produce? How is this prevented?
A
  1. yes, maintaining RR during gas anesthesia
  2. Noxious Stimuli to mouth, pharynx, and trachea (masks, intratracheal tubes); bradycardia and apnea; put lidocaine on glottis to prevent response
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16
Q

(Air Sac Cannulation)

  1. Can be used for what?
  2. Where does tube go?
A
  1. temporary relief of tracheal or bronchial blockage; used as a means of administering anesthesia
  2. The posterior thoracic airsacs (the abdominal group) - they can breath through this tube
17
Q

(Air Sac Cannula)

  1. smaller tube than cannulation
  2. Used for what
  3. What happens to respiratory rate when you put this in?
A
  1. -
  2. administration of gas anesthetic
  3. it stops completely - need to rely on other factors (heart rate ) to omnitor
18
Q

(Respiratory Diseases)

A

002 - 6130 - Vet Phys (28 decks)

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