(11) Respiratory Intro

Question 1

1. What are the major forms of regulation in the model of respiration?

Answer 1

1. neural, endocrine, paracrine

Question 2

(Processes Involved in Respiration)

Define Each Term

1. Movement of air into and out of the lungs
2. Diffusion of gases at the alveolar-capillary membrane in the pulmonary circulation
3. of O2 and CO2 in the circulatory system
4. of gases between the capillaries of the systemic circulation and the cells of organ systems
5. of respiration by stretch receptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system

Answer 2

1. ventilation
2. gas exchange
3. transport
4. diffusion
5. control

Question 3

Inhalation vs. Exhalation

thorax expands – thorax decreases in size

What changes the size of thorax in each?

diaphragm domes up – diaphragm flattens

ribs move up and out – ribs move own and in

are their alveoli in the conducting airways?

Answer 3

• inhalation – exhalation
• muscular contraction (inhalation); elastic forces that are stored in the stretched lungs and thoracic rib cage (exhalation)

exhalation – inhalation

inhalation – exhalation

• no (therefore no gas exchange)

Question 4

What are the parts of the conducting airways?

Do these structures have alveoli?

Answer 4

• external nares; dorsal, medial, ventral meati; nasal choanae, epiglottis, larynx, trachea
• no

Question 5

(Conducuting Airways)

1. Pathways for what?
2. Larger areas found where?
3. gas exchange?
4. anatomic-dead space - define this
5. Distribution of what?
6. Does what to the air?
7. Removes what?

Answer 5

1. ventilation
2. mouth to bronchioles
3. nope
4. – is the volume of the conducting airways, including the nose (and/or mouth), trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. It does not include the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.
5. air
6. warm/humidify
7. inhaled particles

Question 6

(Respiratory Airways)

1. Pathway for what?
2. Airway size compared to conducting?
3. Starts where and goes to where?
4. Gas exchange?
5. Alveolar dead-space - define this
6. What type of gas exchange

Answer 6

1. gas exchange
2. smaller
3. respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
4. yes, significant
5. – is represented by alveoli that are ventilated (air is moving in and out) but that are poorly perfused with blood. Alveolar dead space changes with varying metabolic requirements in normally functioning animals
6. O2/CO2

Question 7

memorize this

Question 8

(Maintenance of Airwary Diameter)

1. What are the two main regulators of the Conducting Airways?
2. What order pathways?
3. What one leads to dilation? NT and receptor?
4. What one leads to constriction? NT and receptor?
5. What one is short preganglionic?
6. What do both have at ganglion (NT and receptor)?
7. If you were to use a muscarinic-cholinergic antagonist (atropine) what would this do?

Answer 8

1. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
2. second order
3. Sympathetic; NE; alpha and beta receptors
4. Parasympathetic; Ach, Muscarainic
5. sympathetic
6. Ach and Nicotinic
7. Have an opposing effect (open up the airways)

Question 9

1. What is the “other” level of regulation of the airways?
2. What are activated in inhalation?
3. What does histamine (LTB4) have an effect on?

Answer 9

1. Regulation imposed by inflammation of the airways
2. Eosinophils, Mast cells, white blood cells that produce cytokines and chemokines
3. The airway smooth muscle (narrowing of bronchiole smooth muscle)

Question 10

1. What is anatomic dead space?
2. What is alveolar dead space?
3. What is physiologic dead space?

Answer 10

1. volume in the conducting airways that does not participate in gas exchange
2. alveoli that are ventilated but poorly perfused
3. anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space

Question 11

(Physiologic Dead Space)

1. Is the total volume of the lungs that does what?
2. Represents ventilated alveoli that what?
3. There is a mismatch of what and what?

Answer 11

1. does not participate in has exchange
2. do not participate in gas exchange
3. ventilation and perfusion (hence the term ventilation/perfusion mismatch or defect)

Question 12

memorize this (don’t worry about numbers cause they will vary across species)

Question 13

(Ventilation/Perfusion Mismatch)

1. Gas exchange cannot take place if an alveolus receives _____ but no _______ (And vice versa)
2. Understand the figure

Answer 13

1. ventilation; capillary blood flow

Question 14

(Minute Ventilation)

1. What is minute ventilation? in equation form?
2. What is tidal volume?
3. What is respiratory rate?
4. Minute ventilation increases with… (3 things)

Answer 14

1. total volume of air breathed per minute; tidal volume (Vt) * respiratory rate (RR)
2. volume of air in each breath
3. number of breaths per minute
4. exercise; metabolic rate; sympathetic activation

Question 15

(Metabolic rate is matched by minute ventilation)

1. increased minute ventilation and tidal volume plus a decrease in alveolar dead space corresponds to what in metabolic rate?

Answer 15

1. increase CO2 production, O2 consumption, and metabolic rate

Question 16

(Assessing Abnormal PCO2 levels) *skipped but told us to read

1. The adequacy of alveolar ventilation is diagnoses primarily by what?
2. Is there a diffusion impediment for movement of CO2 between capillaries and alveolar air?
3. Alveolar PCO2 accurately reflects alveolar PCO2, which reflects what?

Answer 16

1. arterial PCO2 measurements
2. no
3. the level of alveolar ventilation

Question 17

(Assessing Abnormal PO2 Levels)

1. Is adequate movement of O2 into the capillary blood affeted by factors other than ventilation?
2. Does PO2 accurately reflect O2 levels in the alveoli?
3. Is arterial PO2 useful in assessing adequacy of alveolar ventilation?

Answer 17

1. yes
2. not necessarily
3. no

Question 18

study this figure

Question 19

(Lung Volumes and Lung Capacities)

1. What is the volume of air taken into or out of the lungs with each breath?
2. What is the additional volume of air that can be breathed in over and above tidal volume?
3. What is the additional volume of air that can be breathed out below tidal volume?
4. What is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximal expiration?

Answer 19

1. Tidal Volume
2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume
4. Residual Volume

Question 20

(Lung Volumes and Lung Capacities)

1. What is the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume?
2. What is the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after expiration of a normal breath.
3. The inspiratory capacity plus the expiratory reserve volume
4. The sum of all lung volumes

Answer 20

1. Inspiratory Capacity
2. Functional Residual Capacity
3. Vital Capacity
4. Total Lung Capacity

Question 21

(Inhalation Therapy)

Why are inhalers more effective in humans?

Answer 21

• Humans can breath at maximal capacity and therefore are able to ventilate the respiratory zone (get to distal bronchioles where they are needed) - can’t instruct animals to breath at these capacities

Question 22

(Problems in Expiration)

1. What is FVC?
2. What is FEV1, 2, and 3?
3. Look at figure

Answer 22

1. forced vital capacity
2. volume of air forcibly expired in 1st second; cumulative volume expired at 3; at 3

Question 23

What does this equation show?

1. Flow is affected by the change in pressure from the beginning of the tube to the end of it
2. Related to radius of tube
3. and inversely related to viscosity
4. What is the major effect here?
5. What does this explain?

Answer 23

4. the radius
5. Asthma in cats and obstructive airway diease is E’s