(04) Autonomic Nervous System II Flashcards
What type of adaptation is fight or flight?
- a sympathetic adaptation
What can be caused by decreased sympathetic function? increased?
- dysautonomia and horner’s syndrome
- pheochromocytoma and systemic hypertension
What are the two components of the fight or flight response?
- neural and endocrine (adrenal glands)
time scale?
seconds to minutes
just study this a little
Does blood glucose decrease during fight or flight response? pilomotor function?
- no, it increases
- increases
How far back into evolution does fight or flight go?
- ancestral chordates
What is the major molecular mechanim of fight or flight?
- activation of b-adrenergic receptor - cAMP - PKA - activation of buridine (?) receptor - opening of calcium channels
What is reduced during hiberation?
- temperature and metabolic rate
What is the behavioral, physiological, and molecular adaptation to withstand protracted periods of seasons of insufficient food availability?
- hiberntation
What is the period in hibernation that is characterized by suppressed body temperature and metabolic rate?
- torpor
What is a species that enter daily torpor relying on fall of body temperature rather than metabolic rate?
- Daily heterothermy
What is the process by which an animal’s body temperature varies with ambient temperature?
- poikilothermy
Say if the following processes are suppressed or maintained at low temperature.
(1) DNA transcription, (2) RNA translation, (3) mitosis and cellular proliferation, (4) CNS function, (5) ventilation, (6) mitochondrial respiration, (7) cardiovascular funciton, (8) metabolism (adipose tissue), (9) GI function, (10) renal function, (11) immune function
1s 2s 3s 4m 5m 6s 7m 8m 9s 10s 11s
What is the diving reflex an adaptation of?
ANS
What are changed quickly in diving reflex? What does this maintain?
- heartbeat, peripheral blood pressure, oxygen in muscles
- blood pressure to heart and brain
What strategies are adopted by diving mammals to manage low PO2 and hydrostatic pressure?
- increased muscle myoglobin content, greater tissue oxygen stores, ability to rely on anaerobic metabolism, lung collapse at shallow depths, regional hypothermia, animal buoyancy
What is the etiiology of generalized dysautonomia? pathophysiology? clinical signs? treament?
- generalized automonic neuropathy in dogs, cats, and horses
- degenerative lesions of the autonomic ganglia, intermediate gray columns of the spinal cord, and some sympathetic axons
- vomitting, diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, dysuria, inspiratory dyspnea
- supportive care primarily, GI prokinetic agents, pressor agents
4 - megaesophagus and esophageal hypomotility
5 - gastric distension adn delayed gastric emptying
just look at this - notice the scar tissue to replace galnglia
What are the clinical signs of Horner’s syndrome? pathogenesis? etiology? therapy?
- ptosis (drooping of eyelid), miosis (narrowing of pupil), enophthalmos (retraction of eye into lobe), prolapsed nicititans (nicotinic membrane)
- disruption of the sympathetic innervation to the eye and peri-ocular facial muscles
- idiopathic, trauma, tumor, inflammation, immune-mediated disease
- supportive, spontaneous recovery
What are catecholamine-secreting tumors of neuroectoderm-derived chromaffin cells? Where do they arise from? Benign or malignant? active or inactive? What do they produce? Clinical signs?
- Pheochromocytoma
- from adrenal medulla, can occur at extra-adrenal sites
- either
- either
- paraneoplastic syndrome related to NE and epinephrine
- episodic weakness, restlessness, tachycardia, hyper-tension, and collapse
What type of systemic hypertension is most common in humans? dogs and cats? Causes? pathology? clinical signs?
- primary hypertension
- secondary causes
- renal and endorcine disorders
- heart, kidneys, eyes, CNS
- episodic weakness, acute blindness, arrhythmias
