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biology IGCSE > 17- reproduction in humans > Flashcards

17- reproduction in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

testis

A
  • found outside body
  • make sperms
  • make testosterone (sex hormone)
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2
Q

scrotum

A
  • Sac supporting testis outside the body

- ensures sperm kept in temp lower than that of the body

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3
Q

sperm duct

A

A tube that carries sperms out of testes to urethra.

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4
Q

prostate gland

A

Makes the seminal fluid for sperms to swim in.

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5
Q

urethra

A

Carries both urine & sperms at different times out of the body.

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6
Q

ovaries

A
  • make egg cells

- make female sex hormones

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7
Q

oviduct

A
  • Carry the egg cell away from the ovaries to the uterus.

- Site of fertilization.

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8
Q

uterus

A

Has thick walls, made of muscle, can stretch when a

woman is pregnant. It is where the embryo develops.

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9
Q

cervix

A

The neck of uterus, supplies mucus to the vagina

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10
Q

vagina

A

part of the birth canal, it is muscular and stretchable

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11
Q

fertilization

A

The fusion of the nuclei of male gamete [sperm] & female gamete [egg cell].

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12
Q

adaptive features of egg cell

A
  • cytoplasm with a store of energy (for zygote ltr)

- jelly like coating to stop sperms after fertilization

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13
Q

adaptive features of sperm cell

A
  • has a tail for movement
  • contains enzymes in acrosome to digest membrane of egg
  • large number of mitochondria to supply energy
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14
Q

acrosome

A

head region of sperm cell

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15
Q

motility of gametes

A

sperm- moves (swim)

egg- doesnt move

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16
Q

size of gametes

A

egg larger than sperm

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17
Q

number of gametes released

A

sperm- millions at a time

egg- once a month

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18
Q

genetic material of gametes

A

male- XY

female- XX

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19
Q

structure of sperm

A

enzymes, tail and mitochondria

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20
Q

structure of egg

A

has nutrients in the cytoplasm

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21
Q

amniotic sac

A

contains amniotic fluid which protects the embryo and allows the fetus to movement during growing

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22
Q

zygote

A

the fertilized egg

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23
Q

umbilical cord

A
  • its what connects the fetus’s blood to and from the placenta for exchange of nutrients and removal of waste products
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24
Q

function of placenta

A
  • allow nutrients to diffuse from mother to fetus
  • allow wastes to diffuse from fetus to mother
  • prevents toxins and pathogens from passing to the fetus
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25
Q

components of umbilical cord

A

fetal blood vessels
arteries - carry waste - fetus to placenta
veins - carry nutrients - placenta to fetus

26
Q

function of umbilical cord

A

helps placenta in nutrients and gas exchange

27
Q

antenatal care

A

he care and advice given to expectant mothers along with checks on fetal growth and development

28
Q

advice for expectant mothers (antenatal care)

A
  • balanced diet with folic acid, calcium, iron
  • exercise
  • avoid tobacco drugs alcohol etc..
29
Q

advantages of breastfeeding

A
  • right amount of nutrients
  • antibodies to prevent infection
  • develop bond between mom and child
  • free
30
Q

disadvantages of breastfeeding

A
  • can be painful
  • damages beauty
  • mother needs to be present
31
Q

advantages of bottle feeding

A
  • less painful
  • others can feed the baby
  • may contain supplements
32
Q

disadvantages of bottle feeding

A
  • more likely to develop illness (infection)

- expensive

33
Q

cause of menstruation

A
  • failure to fertilize egg

- breakdown of thickened lining of uterus

34
Q

what controls the menstrual cycle

A

hormones released from the ovary and the pituitary gland in the brain.

35
Q

peak of estrogen level

A

day 14 (just before the egg is released)

36
Q

effect of high estrogen level

A

uterine wall to start thickening and the egg to mature

37
Q

what causes the uterus lining to breakdown

A

a fall in progesterone levels

38
Q

FSH

A

hormone produced in pituitary gland

- promotes ovulation

39
Q

LH

A

hormone produced in pituitary gland

  • Works with FSH to release eggs.
  • Prompts ovary to release progesterone & estrogen.
40
Q

estrogen

A

hormone produced in ovary

- Makes the lining to uterus wall before ovulation

41
Q

pregesterone

A
  • Secreted after ovulation to maintain the uterus lining
    through out pregnancy.
  • Stops ovulation by inhibiting the release of FSH.
42
Q

rhythm method

A

natural, least reliable method pf birth control

  • limiting the sexual intercourse in times where fertilization is less likely.
  • monitoring body temperature and quality of cervical mucus
43
Q

Abstinence

A

natural method of birth control

- avoiding sexual intercourse completely

44
Q

Contraceptive pills

A

chemical method of birth control
- they contain hormone that prevents ovulation.
(effective when taken regularly)

45
Q

spermicides

A

chemical method of birth control
- put in the vagina before intercourse to kill sperms.
(effective when taken regularly)

46
Q

Hormone injection

A

chemical method of birth control
- every 12 weeks to stop ovaries from ovulation.
(effective when taken regularly)

47
Q

intrauterine device [IUD]

A

small, T-shaped birth control device, inserted into a woman’s uterus to prevent implantation.
reversible, (chemical method)

48
Q

Contraceptive implant

A

is a small, thin, flexible, plastic tube, implanted under the skin of the arm.
-reliable & lasts for up to 3 years.

49
Q

how does a contraceptive implant work

A
  • releases progesterone like hormone to make the cervical mucus thick, so it is difficult for sperms to swim
  • it stops ovulation & makes the uterus lining
    too thin to support the fetus.
50
Q

mechanical method of birth control (barrier)

A

work by preventing sperm from reaching the egg

  • condom, male
  • femidom and diaphragm, female
51
Q

vasectomy

A

surgical method of birth control for males

- cutting sperm duct (effective, permanent)

52
Q

female sterilisation

A

cutting (permanent) or tying (reversible) the oviduct

-effective

53
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Introducing sperms into the female’s vagina or uterus using a technique, when the male is incapable of normal intercourse.

54
Q

types of artificial insemination

A

by donor or by husband

55
Q

In vitro fertilization [IVF]

A
  • egg cell is taken from the woman & exposed to the sperms in lab.
  • it is fertilized and returned to the uterus to continue the development.
56
Q

social issues of IVF

A
  • expensive
  • can rise to multiple births
  • some people dont approve of artificial ways
57
Q

sexually transmitted infections (STI)

A

The infection that is transmitted via body fluids through sexual contact, like HIV

58
Q

HIV

A
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which leads to AIDS

- found in semen and blood

59
Q

ways HIV can be transmitted

A
  • sexual intercourse
  • needle sharing
  • blood transfusions
  • mother to baby through placenta or breastfeeding
60
Q

ways to control STI

A
  • spreading awareness
  • Never sharing needles during injection.
  • Avoid unsafe sex.
  • Use a condom if one partner is having STI.
  • Treat all blood products used in transfusions to destroy the virus.

biology IGCSE (16 decks)

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