17- reproduction in humans

Question 1

testis

Answer 1

• found outside body
• make sperms
• make testosterone (sex hormone)

Question 2

scrotum

Answer 2

• Sac supporting testis outside the body

- ensures sperm kept in temp lower than that of the body

Question 3

sperm duct

Answer 3

A tube that carries sperms out of testes to urethra.

Question 4

prostate gland

Answer 4

Makes the seminal fluid for sperms to swim in.

Question 5

urethra

Answer 5

Carries both urine & sperms at different times out of the body.

Question 6

ovaries

Answer 6

• make egg cells

- make female sex hormones

Question 7

oviduct

Answer 7

• Carry the egg cell away from the ovaries to the uterus.

- Site of fertilization.

Question 8

uterus

Answer 8

Has thick walls, made of muscle, can stretch when a

woman is pregnant. It is where the embryo develops.

Question 9

cervix

Answer 9

The neck of uterus, supplies mucus to the vagina

Question 10

vagina

Answer 10

part of the birth canal, it is muscular and stretchable

Question 11

fertilization

Answer 11

The fusion of the nuclei of male gamete [sperm] & female gamete [egg cell].

Question 12

adaptive features of egg cell

Answer 12

• cytoplasm with a store of energy (for zygote ltr)

- jelly like coating to stop sperms after fertilization

Question 13

adaptive features of sperm cell

Answer 13

• has a tail for movement
• contains enzymes in acrosome to digest membrane of egg
• large number of mitochondria to supply energy

Question 14

acrosome

Answer 14

head region of sperm cell

Question 15

motility of gametes

Answer 15

sperm- moves (swim)

egg- doesnt move

Question 16

size of gametes

Answer 16

egg larger than sperm

Question 17

number of gametes released

Answer 17

sperm- millions at a time

egg- once a month

Question 18

genetic material of gametes

Answer 18

male- XY

female- XX

Question 19

structure of sperm

Answer 19

enzymes, tail and mitochondria

Question 20

structure of egg

Answer 20

has nutrients in the cytoplasm

Question 21

amniotic sac

Answer 21

contains amniotic fluid which protects the embryo and allows the fetus to movement during growing

Question 22

zygote

Answer 22

the fertilized egg

Question 23

umbilical cord

Answer 23

• its what connects the fetus’s blood to and from the placenta for exchange of nutrients and removal of waste products

Question 24

function of placenta

Answer 24

• allow nutrients to diffuse from mother to fetus
• allow wastes to diffuse from fetus to mother
• prevents toxins and pathogens from passing to the fetus

Question 25

components of umbilical cord

Answer 25

fetal blood vessels arteries - carry waste - fetus to placenta veins - carry nutrients - placenta to fetus

Question 26

function of umbilical cord

Answer 26

helps placenta in nutrients and gas exchange

Question 27

antenatal care

Answer 27

he care and advice given to expectant mothers along with checks on fetal growth and development

Question 28

advice for expectant mothers (antenatal care)

Answer 28

- balanced diet with folic acid, calcium, iron - exercise - avoid tobacco drugs alcohol etc..

Question 29

advantages of breastfeeding

Answer 29

- right amount of nutrients - antibodies to prevent infection - develop bond between mom and child - free

Question 30

disadvantages of breastfeeding

Answer 30

- can be painful - damages beauty - mother needs to be present

Question 31

advantages of bottle feeding

Answer 31

- less painful - others can feed the baby - may contain supplements

Question 32

disadvantages of bottle feeding

Answer 32

- more likely to develop illness (infection) | - expensive

Question 33

cause of menstruation

Answer 33

- failure to fertilize egg | - breakdown of thickened lining of uterus

Question 34

what controls the menstrual cycle

Answer 34

hormones released from the ovary and the pituitary gland in the brain.

Question 35

peak of estrogen level

Answer 35

day 14 (just before the egg is released)

Question 36

effect of high estrogen level

Answer 36

uterine wall to start thickening and the egg to mature

Question 37

what causes the uterus lining to breakdown

Answer 37

a fall in progesterone levels

Question 38

FSH

Answer 38

hormone produced in pituitary gland | - promotes ovulation

Question 39

LH

Answer 39

hormone produced in pituitary gland - Works with FSH to release eggs. - Prompts ovary to release progesterone & estrogen.

Question 40

estrogen

Answer 40

hormone produced in ovary | - Makes the lining to uterus wall before ovulation

Question 41

pregesterone

Answer 41

- Secreted after ovulation to maintain the uterus lining through out pregnancy. - Stops ovulation by inhibiting the release of FSH.

Question 42

rhythm method

Answer 42

natural, least reliable method pf birth control - limiting the sexual intercourse in times where fertilization is less likely. - monitoring body temperature and quality of cervical mucus

Question 43

Abstinence

Answer 43

natural method of birth control | - avoiding sexual intercourse completely

Question 44

Contraceptive pills

Answer 44

chemical method of birth control - they contain hormone that prevents ovulation. (effective when taken regularly)

Question 45

spermicides

Answer 45

chemical method of birth control - put in the vagina before intercourse to kill sperms. (effective when taken regularly)

Question 46

Hormone injection

Answer 46

chemical method of birth control - every 12 weeks to stop ovaries from ovulation. (effective when taken regularly)

Question 47

intrauterine device [IUD]

Answer 47

small, T-shaped birth control device, inserted into a woman's uterus to prevent implantation. reversible, (chemical method)

Question 48

Contraceptive implant

Answer 48

is a small, thin, flexible, plastic tube, implanted under the skin of the arm. -reliable & lasts for up to 3 years.

Question 49

how does a contraceptive implant work

Answer 49

- releases progesterone like hormone to make the cervical mucus thick, so it is difficult for sperms to swim - it stops ovulation & makes the uterus lining too thin to support the fetus.

Question 50

mechanical method of birth control (barrier)

Answer 50

work by preventing sperm from reaching the egg - condom, male - femidom and diaphragm, female

Question 51

vasectomy

Answer 51

surgical method of birth control for males | - cutting sperm duct (effective, permanent)

Question 52

female sterilisation

Answer 52

cutting (permanent) or tying (reversible) the oviduct | -effective

Question 53

Artificial insemination

Answer 53

Introducing sperms into the female’s vagina or uterus using a technique, when the male is incapable of normal intercourse.

Question 54

types of artificial insemination

Answer 54

by donor or by husband

Question 55

In vitro fertilization [IVF]

Answer 55

- egg cell is taken from the woman & exposed to the sperms in lab. - it is fertilized and returned to the uterus to continue the development.

Question 56

social issues of IVF

Answer 56

- expensive - can rise to multiple births - some people dont approve of artificial ways

Question 57

sexually transmitted infections (STI)

Answer 57

The infection that is transmitted via body fluids through sexual contact, like HIV

Question 58

HIV

Answer 58

- Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which leads to AIDS | - found in semen and blood

Question 59

ways HIV can be transmitted

Answer 59

- sexual intercourse - needle sharing - blood transfusions - mother to baby through placenta or breastfeeding

Question 60

ways to control STI

Answer 60

- spreading awareness - Never sharing needles during injection. - Avoid unsafe sex. - Use a condom if one partner is having STI. - Treat all blood products used in transfusions to destroy the virus.