17. Fallopian Tubes and Ovary Flashcards
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Implantation of the foetus outside the uterus
What factors increase the risk of an ectopic pregnancy?
PID
Adhesions
What benign neoplasms can be found in the fallopian tubes?
Paratubal cysts (glands of Morgagni) Salpingitis isthmica nodosa Endosalpiniosis Adenomatoid tumour (outside of tube)
What mutation is associated with fallopian tumours?
BRCA
What causes ovarian torsion?
Cysts and tumours
Veins get blocked so congestion and infarction
How do ovarian cancers present?
Abdominal distension
GI symptoms
Disturb menstruation
Pelvic pain
What are the types of invasive ovarian tumours?
Serous Endometrioid Clear cell Mucinous Brenner tumours
Where do each of the invasive ovarian tumours originate?
Serous: tubes
Endometrioid and clear cell: endometriosis
Mucinous: appendix, colon, pancreas
What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
Nulliparous
Family history
What factors are protective against ovarian cancers?
OCP
Tubal ligation
What genetic mutations are associated with ovarian cancer?
BRCA
Her2
p53
What are the benign tumours of the ovary?
Cystadenoma
Cystadenofibroma
Adenofibroma
What features are seen in malignant ovarian tumours?
Papillae
Psammoma bodies
What causes psammoma bodies?
Dystrophic calcification
Which malignant ovarian tumour is the highest grade?
Serous
What is the appearance of a mucinous ovarian tumour?
Cells full of mucin with nucleus pushed to the side
Often bilateral
Nodular surface
What complication is associated with mucinous ovarian tumours?
Pseudomyxoma peritoneii: extensive, non-invasive takeover of the abdominal cavity
What marker will be positive if a mucinous tumour originated in the colon?
CK20+
What marker will be positive if a mucinous tumour originated in the pancreas?
CK7-
What staging system is used for ovarian cancer?
Figo stages
What is stage 1 ovarian cancer?
a. one ovary, intracystic
b. 2 ovaries, intracystic
c. Rupture, tumour on the surface
What is stage 2 ovarian cancer?
Spread to pelvis
What is stage 3 ovarian cancer?
Spread to abdomen/lymph node
What is stage 4 ovarian cancer?
Distant spread
What are the symptoms of germ cell tumours?
Torsion
Chronic low grade pain, mass
May not present until pregnancy
Early puberty and hCG production
What is the most common type of germ cell tumour of the ovary?
Benign cystic teratoma
What are the types of germ cell tumour in the ovary?
Teratoma
Dysgerminoma
Yolk sac tumours
Embryonal
What is the difference between a mature teratoma and an immature teratoma?
Immature is malignant and occurs in younger patients
What is a rockitansky protuberance?
Teratoma grows a tooth
What is the most common malignant germ cell tumour?
Dysgerminoma
How do dysgerminomas appear on histology?
Clear cells
Fibrous tissue
Lymphocytes
What group of sex cord/stromal tumours are associated with effusions?
What is the name given to this syndrome?
Thecoma-fibroma
Maig’s syndrome
