1.6 issues and debates (social) Flashcards
what are the AO1 points of the thick guidelines?
RESPECT:
- privacy
- informed consent
- right to withdraw
RESPONSIBILITY:
- protection from harm
- debriefing
what is privacy?
personal info on participants are kept fully confidential
what is informed consent?
participants need to know what the experiment involves and have to agree to take part
what is right to withdraw?
participants can leave or have their data withdrawn
what is protection from harm?
the participants cannot experience physical or psychological harm greater than what is present in normal life
what is debriefing?
if any deception was used in the study, the researchers must let the participants know afterwards
what is an example of an ethical study?
- burger
- had the right to withdraw
- had protection from harm (only upto 150V instead of 450V)
what is an example of an unethical study?
- milgram
- did not have protection from harm as 3 people had seizures and went up to 450V
define practical issues in research
- include trying to control research to increase reliability
- include sampling participants and choosing which research method is most appropriate to investigate a topic
- balance realism with control
what are strengths of lab experiments?
- easier to replicate
- precise control of extraneous variables
what are some issues with lab experiments?
- setting is artificial so will produce unnatural behaviour
- demand characteristics can bias results
what are some strengths of field experiments?
- reflects real life as there’s a natural setting
- less demand characteristics
what’s a study that shows there’s practical issues?
- milgram
- low mundane realism
- task of increasingly shocking someone is not realistic
- does not reflect real life
what’s a study that shows there are no practical issues in social psychology
- burger
- high internal validity
- same shock levels and anxiety ppt removed
- ensures there’s a cause effect rs
define psychology as a science
- psych relies on the hypothetico-deductive method involving testing theories
- generating hypothesis which can be accepted or rejected
- scientific research should be based on empiricism
how are field experiments not scientific?
- lack of control with extraneous variables
- they can make results less reliable
what’s evidence that social psych is scientific?
- milgram
- same shock levels for everyone
- no extraneous variables so free from bias
- therefore it’s replicable
what’s evidence that social psych isn’t scientific?
- sherif
- conducted on a field so hard to have strong internal validity
- extraneous variables such as the mood the boys were in could’ve affected results
- therefore, not replicable and less scientific
what is nature and nurture?
nature = behaviours which occur due to genes therefore all behaviour is hard wired
nurture = behaviours which occur which has occurred due to the environment
how does social psych show nature and nurture? (AO1)
- looks at prejudice which derives from competition for resources, suggesting nurture
- obedience explained by strict upbringing which highlights nurture over nature
- nature shown as similar obedience rates globally
what’s evidence that social psych is nature?
- blass
- found similar average obedience levels across the US and other countries
- therefore, obedience is a universally social behaviour in which biology may play a part
what’s evidence that social psych is nurture?
- sherif
- shows that competition affects prejudice rates as baseball and swimming competition caused boys to be hostile (eg ur a pigeon)
- building a water tank reduces the prejudice
- therefore, prejudice can be increased and decreased by changing environmental factors
what’s cultural bias?
- emic = behaviour specific to a single culture
- etic = behaviours which occur universal to all cultures
what’s gender bias?
- alpha = overestimating differences between genders
- beta = underestimating differences between genders
what’s the gender and cultural bias in social psych?
- beta bias and etic bias
- largely conducted on male samples and western cultures
- ignores possibility of different behaviour from diff cultures and women
what’s evidence for gender bias in social psych?
- Gillian
- alpha bias is shown when she says women are more caring and compassionate than men and don’t obey orders to harm
what is social control AO1 for social psych?
- understanding factors affecting obedience can give insight into how to prevent unacceptable control of others
- we can understand how prejudice occurs and how to reduce it
what’s a social psych study that supports social control?
- sedikikes and jackson
- zookeepers wearing uniform control people by telling them not to lean on the fence
- small groups were more obedient
what’s a social psych study that doesn’t support social control?
- sherif
- swimming and baseball caused prejudice but the experimenters weren’t controlling the boys behaviour
- therefore doesn’t control social behaviour
