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(edexcel) psychology a level > 1.1 content (social) > Flashcards

1.1 content (social) Flashcards

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1
Q

what was the aim of milgram’s experiment?

A

to investigate whether people would obey a figure of authority when told to harm another person

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2
Q

what was the procedure of milgram’s experiment?

A
  • participant introduced to fake learner
  • participant told they were “randomly” getting allocated rolls but participant was always the teacher
  • the learner has to learn a list of word pairs
  • if learner gets an answer wrong, the teacher has to shock them
  • shocks range from 15V to 450V
  • eventually, the learner will stop responding to the teacher
  • experimenter will give 4 prods if teacher wants to stop shocking
  • experiment will end if teacher keeps protesting after 4 prods or when full 450V have been delivered
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3
Q

what are the findings of milgram’s experiment?

A
  • all participants went up to 300V
  • 65% delivered full 450V
  • this shows that most participants are willing to give electric shocks out of obedience
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4
Q

what happened in experiment 7 milgram?

A
  • after giving initial instructions, the experimenter left and gave his orders over the phone
  • only 22.5% of participants gave shocks to 450V
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5
Q

what can we find from experiment 7 milgram?

A

shows that the physical presence of an authority was an important factor contributing to the subjects obedience

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6
Q

what happened in experiment 10 milgram?

A

experiment conducted in a three room office in a downtown shopping area in bridgeport

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7
Q

what were the findings of experiment 10 milgram?

A
  • only 48% of participants delivered the maximum shock instead of the 65% at yale
  • as the study took place in a less reputable place, the obedience rates were reduced
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8
Q

what happened in experiment 13 milgram?

A
  • experimenter gives instructions to the participant then leaves
  • doesn’t mention what shock levels to use if learner gets answer wrong
  • accomplice, with enthusiasm insists with participant that the shock level should increase every time learner gets an answer wrong.
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9
Q

what were the findings of experiment 13 milgram?

A
  • only 20% of the participants have the maximum shock level
  • 80% broke off with the accomplice
  • shows that the authority of the individual giving the instructions has an impact on the levels of obedience
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10
Q

what is the autonomous state?

A

a state where we choose how to behave, and any consequences are our own responsibilities

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11
Q

what is the agentic state?

A
  • obeying what someone else says, and following an authority figure whether you agree or not
  • you believe that any consequences are the authority’s responsibility
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12
Q

what is agentic shift?

A

when someone changes from autonomous state to agentic state

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13
Q

what is moral strain?

A
  • when you feel stressed while doing something under an authority’s obedience. it goes against your moral rules
  • if strain’s great enough, you will disobey
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14
Q

what is a binding factor?

A

factors that make you obey an authority figure (eg bribes and blackmails)

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15
Q

what are the steps of social impact theory?

A
  • strength
  • immediacy
  • number of sources
  • division of impact
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16
Q

what is strength?

A
  • perceived power or authority
  • could be done by appearing intense or charismatic
  • strength is affected by wealth and relationships
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17
Q

what is immediacy?

A
  • closeness of the source and target
  • physical or time difference
  • e.g if your mum texts you instead of telling you in person
18
Q

what is psychosocial law?

A
  • most significant difference in social impact happens from the 1st source
  • as the number of sources increase, the impact decreases (diminishing returns)
19
Q

what is division of impact?

A

the larger number of targets, the lesser the impact

20
Q

what are the steps of realistic conflict theory?

A
  • intergroup competition
  • negative interdependence
  • limited resources
  • positive interdependence
  • superordinate goals
21
Q

what is inter group competition?

A

competition between groups over something

22
Q

what is negative interdependence?

A
  • when both groups are seeking the same goal but only one group can attain goal
  • groups become hostile with outgroup but have solidarity within group
23
Q

what is limited resources?

A

when the struggle is for scarce resources

24
Q

what is positive interdependence?

A
  • when groups have to be reliant on each other to achieve a goal
  • prejudice decreases
25
Q

what is superordinate goals?

A

goals which can only be achieved through intergroup cooperation

26
Q

how can culture affect prejudice?

A
  • people beleive their culture is better than others
  • if culture emphasises group cooperation and sharing, you may be less discriminatory
  • collectivist cultures are more focussed on sharing which reduces discrimination
  • individualist cultures would put people in more competitive mindsets
27
Q

how can personality affect obedience?

A
  • children who have been subject to the fear and punishment of strict parents will express fustration on others
  • they would be hostile to those who do not fit in their social order as they will crave security
28
Q

how can social norms (situational factors) affect prejudice?

A
  • they are unwritten rules about what is normal in a society
  • if you do not adhere to the rules, it could lead to rejection
  • one will adopt the values and beliefs of the group they think they belong to, this is called identification in realistic conflict theory
29
Q

what are the steps in social identity theory?

A
  • categorisation
  • identification
  • social comparison
  • positive distinctiveness
30
Q

what is categorisation?

A
  • separation of people into groups
  • someone’s own group is the in- group and the other group is the out group
31
Q

what is identification?

A
  • overtime someone adopts the values and beliefs of the group they think they belong to
  • they may alter their behaviours to fit into the group norms
32
Q

what is social comparison?

A

the individual comparing their groups to others

33
Q

what is a strength of agency theory?

A
  • milgram original experiment
  • 65% delivered maximum shock
  • participants reposted that their behaviour was the responsibility of the experimenter
  • shows participants did displace responsibility to an authority figure
34
Q

what’s a weakness of agency theory?

A
  • it does not explain all obedience as it doesn’t take into account personality
  • burger found not all participants obeyed and 30% disobeyed due to desire for control
  • therefore agency theory doesn’t account for all forms of obedience as it fails to mention personality
35
Q

what is a strength of social impact theory?

A
  • sedikikes and jackson
  • people in a zoo would obey orders to not lean when the confederate dressed up in uniform
  • also when they were in smaller groups
  • therefore this shows strength and division of impact affects obedience
36
Q

what are the weaknesses of social impact theory?

A
  • hofling
  • a doctor on the phone tells a nurse to overdose a patient
  • 21/22 nurses follow the order
  • therefore this suggests immediacy is not an important factor in obedience as the theory says
37
Q

what’s a strength of realistic conflict theory ?

A
  • sherif
  • 2 groups of boys were competing with games like baseball and tug of war to get rewards (a pocket knife)
  • rattlers called the eagles pigeons which shows prejudice occurring
  • therefore, when groups have a negative interdependent relationship over a limited resource, prejudice occurs
38
Q

what’s a weakness of realistic conflict theory?

A
  • tajfel and turner
  • boys randomly placed in 3 groups
  • groups always chose to maximise point differences with the other group showing prejudice in a points allocation task
  • shows out group prejudice therefore, prejudice can occur even when there is no competition for something
39
Q

what’s a strength of social identity theory?

A
  • tajfel
  • groups led to prejudice as there will be positive distinctiveness, one group will think they’re better than the other
  • therefore shows even just the existence of groups lead to prejudice
40
Q

what is a weakness of social identity theory?

A
  • wetherell
  • in a replication of tajfel, it was found polynesian students were more generous compared to caucasian peers
  • shows attitude towards our groups may only be a western culture thing
  • therefore SIT fails to predict non prejudiced behaviours of collectivist cultures
41
Q

what is a strength of milgram’s study?

A
  • it had good internal validity
  • prods, shock machine (15v-450v), instructions given were all the same throughout study
  • therefore, participants obeyed due to experiment’s procedure and not due to other environmental factors
42
Q

what is one weakness of milgram’s study?

A
  • low mundane realism
  • task of being told to shock another person for getting an answer wrong is unlike everyday examples of obedience, such as being told to clean by a parent
  • therefore, findings of obedience may not be applicable to explain obedience of everyday tasks

(edexcel) psychology a level (9 decks)

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