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Reproduction > Surgical procedures of reproductive tract in the cat and dog > Flashcards

Surgical procedures of reproductive tract in the cat and dog Flashcards

1
Q

Ovariohysterectomy

A

v.common in general practice
remove ovaries + uterus
usually performed via ventral midline incision
can also be done via flank incision - more common in cats in UK

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2
Q

Ovariohysterectomy - indications for surgery

A 
elective sterilisation
pyometra
ovarian cysts
hydro/mucometra
uterine torsion/prolapse
uterine rupture
ovarian/uterine neoplasia
metritis
diabetes control
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3
Q

Ovariohysterectomy - midline approach + location of uterus and ovaries

A

NRCW classification: clean/contaminated
locate uterus by pushing intestines cranially + bladder caudally
locate ovaries by following uterine horns

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4
Q

Ovariohysterectomy - ovarian release

A

ovaries can be released by breaking down suspensory ligament

create window in mesovarium

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5
Q

Ovariohysterectomy - pedicle clamping

A

haemostasis using 3 forcep technique

most proximal forcep removed leaving a crush mark

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6
Q

Ovariohysterectomy - ovarian ligature

A

ligate using synthetic absorbable material - vicryl ideal, one/two instrument tie
ligature MUST be tight - ovarian arteries arise from aortal, reduce risk of slippage by leaving space between ligature and cut edge
divide between 2 remaining clamps making sure whole ovary removed

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7
Q

Ovariohysterectomy - broad ligament

A

ligate using synthetic absorbable material exept v.immature/small dogs + cats

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8
Q

Ovariohysterectomy - cervical ligature

A

ligature using synthetic absorbable material
3 forcep technique
various techniques used - haemostasis must be achieved

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9
Q

Ovariohysterectomy - complications

A

general - wound breakdown + infection, haemorrhage, retained swab
specific - ureteral injury, retained ovarian remnant
other sequelae - urinary incontinence, weight gain, anaesthetic complications

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10
Q

surgical variations

A

flank spay - usually L flank
ovariectomy vs Ovariohysterectomy - used in many EU countries as routine. better for sterilisation but not appropriate for managing uterine disease
laparoscopic techniques - ovariectomy with vessel sealing device, quick recovery but expensive to set up.

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11
Q

Caesarean section (CS)

A

64% of dogs, 80% of cats with dystocia treated by CS

once decision made to perform CS it must be done without delay

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12
Q

Caesarean section (CS) - indications

A 
foetal distress
primary uterine inertia
incomplete primary uterine inertia refractory to medical management
secondary uterine inertia
relative/absolute foetal oversize
abnormal pelvic canal
malpresentation of foetus
foetal death
monstrosity
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13
Q

Caesarean section (CS) - preoperative considerations

A

electrolytes + other metabolic abnormalities
foetal death increases after 5h since onset of second stage of labour
owners should know surgical risks
NRCW classification variable

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14
Q

Caesarean section (CS) - anaesthesia considerations

A 
regurgitation + aspiration
cardiovascular + respiratory compromise
depression of neonates
analgesia - local block, epidural post procedure, avoid alpha 2 agonists, ketamine + thiobarbiturates
minimise op time
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15
Q

Caesarean section (CS) - surgery

A

midline approach - take care
extreiorise uterus
gentle squeezing to move foetus down uterine horn
clamp umbilical cord
only remove placentas if come freely
uterine repair - synthetic absorbable material, simple appositional/inverting pattern, single or double layer

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16
Q

care of neonates

A 
make sure plenty of help available
dry and warm pups/kits
may need drug administration to aid resuscitation
check for congenital abnormalities
make sure dam recovers + cares for young
17
Q

Caesarean section - complications/sequelae

A 
make sure all foetuses removed
uterine haemorrhage, rupture, prolapse
retained placenta/foetuses
acute metritis, mastitis
subinvolution of placental sites
toxic milk syndrome
agalactia
galactostasis
puerperal tetany
18
Q

En Bloc ovariohyterectomy

A

hysterectomy performed before removal of neonates
safe alternative to CS
disadvantage - all neonates need resuscitating at once
advantages - minimised anaesthesia time, minimal peritoneal contamination

19
Q

Castration

A

v.common
removal of the testes
usually done by single scrotal incision in dog, 2 in the cat

20
Q

Castration - indications

A 
population control
behavioural modification
testicular neoplasia, torsion, trauma
cryptorchidism
orchitis/epididymitis
anal adenoma (dog)
perineal rupture (dog)
prostatic disease
21
Q

Castration - dog

A

aka orchidectomy
NRCW classification : clean
open + closed techniques

22
Q

Castration - open technique dog

A

ligate using synthetic absorbable material
3 forcep technique
encircling or transfixing ligatures

23
Q

Castration - open vs closed

A

open - vaginal tunic cut + not repaired. may reduce post op swelling + reduce the risk of ligature slipping
closed - vaginal tunic left intact. reduces risk of intestinal herniation

24
Q

Castration - cat

A

usually done as a clean rather than aseptic procedure
open
2 scrotal incisions
ligatures rarely used - vas deferens + spermatic vessels knotted together. overhand knot in spermatic cord

25
Q

scrotal ablation

A 
removal of scrotum as well as testes
indicated when: scrotal disease
cosmesis + less complications in old dogs
as part of scrotal/perineal urethrostomy
scrotum used as skin donor site
26
Q

cryptorchid castration

A

must determine where testicle is - may need ultrasound, comlicated by hypoplasia + inguinal fat pads
surigcal approaches - inguinal, caudal midline laparotomy

27
Q

cryptorchid castration - surgical location of testicle

A

may not be obvious
examine gutter from caudal pole of kidney to inguinal ring
deos vas def enter inguinal ring from abdomen

28
Q

cryptorchid castration - removal of testicle

A

once located excise observing haemostasis techniques
consider submitting for pathology
generally combined with removal of scrotal testicle but need client consent

29
Q

castration - complications

A 
wound breakdown, infection
haemorrhage
scrotal swelling
urethral injury
cant locate retained testicle
urinary incontinence

Reproduction (25 decks)

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