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ALI > 15. Histology of GIT + associated organs > Flashcards

15. Histology of GIT + associated organs Flashcards

1
Q

3 major salivary glands

A

1) Parotid 2) Submandibular 3) Sublingual

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2
Q

Functions of saliva

A

to moisten the mucosa and food before swallowing

high bicarbonate content buffers the oral cavity → stimulate taste buds

begins the digestion of carbohydrates via amylase

controls bacterial flora by secreting lysozyme

secrete IgA and potassium

resorbs sodium

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3
Q

3 types of ducts

A

1) Intercalated 2) Striated (secretory) 3) Excretory

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4
Q

Intercalated duct

A

secrete bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

absorb chloride ion (Cl-)

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5
Q

Striated (secretory) duct

A

secrete K+

absorb Na+

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6
Q
A

Sialosis

non inflamatory enlargment of parotids

caused by excess alcohol use.

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7
Q
A

Benign tumour of the left parotid gland

producing characteristic deflection of the ear lobe

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8
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of salivary glands

A

cranial nerves: 7 & 9

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9
Q

Sympathetic innervation of Salivary glands

A

pre-ganglionic nerves in: T1-T3

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10
Q

Epithelium of digestive tract

A

ends: non-keratinised stratified squamous

in between: simple columnar

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11
Q

Oesophagus

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Only lowest portion has Serosa

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12
Q

Rugae (stomach)

A

allow stomach to expand

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13
Q

Gastric pits (Stomach)

A

Hole like depressions between villi

ductal openings of stomach glands

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14
Q

Epithelium of stomach

A

simple columnar

has no goblet cells

Parietal Cells ( produce Acid and Intrinsic factor)

Chief Cells (pepsinogen)

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15
Q

Lamina propria (stomach)

A

abundant glands

secrete mucus

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16
Q

Functions of the small bowel

A

Main site of digestion and secretion

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17
Q

Coeliac Disease

A

Autoimmune

destruction of the small bowel villi

due to gluten exposure

Gliadin is presented by APCs on MHC Class II

leads to T Helper Cell mediated tissue damage

Flattening of the villi, Hyperplasia of Crypts and increase in interepithelial lymphocytes

18
Q

Adaptations of Duodenum: Shortest Segment

A

Long-leaf-like villi

Brunner’s Glands

19
Q

Order of number of Plicae Circulares (most to least)

A

1) Jejunum
2) Duodenum
3) Ileum

20
Q

Adaptations of Ileum

A

↑ number of Goblet cells

↑ Peyer’s Patches and M cells

21
Q

Teniae coli in the Colon

A

three visible strips of longitudinal muscle

aid in peristalsis

everywhere except appendix and rectum

22
Q

Haustra in the colon

A

small saccules of large intestine

Help move faeces in segmental fashion

23
Q

What adaptations are NOT found in the Colon?

A

plicae

villi

24
Q

Mucosa of colon

A

thin

columnar Epithelium

simple tubular glands → crypts → produce mucus

25
Q

Largest internal organ

A

Liver

26
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Large polygonal cells

form plates of hepatic lobule

27
Q

Hepatocyte Function

A

Protein synthesis

Protein storage

Transformation of carbohydrates

Synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids

Detoxification

Formation and secretion of bile.

28
Q

What percentage of the liver’s cytoplasmic mass do hepatocytes make up?

A

70-85%

29
Q

Sinusoids

A

endothelium with large gaps between cells

incomplete basement membrane

30
Q

Where are sinusoids found? (4)

A

Liver

Spleen

Adrenal Medulla

Bone Marrow

31
Q

Kupffer Cells (liver)

A

macrophages

32
Q

Stellate cells (liver)

A

Found in Space of Disse

Store fats, Vits A,D,E,K B12

Secrete ECM

33
Q

What produces bile?

A

hepatocytes

34
Q

The Bile duct

A

carries bile → gallbladder

35
Q

Canaliculi

A

channels lined by the cell membranes of adjacent hepatocytes

Carry bile outward from hepatocytes → Portal Triad where they join a branch of the bile duct

36
Q

Zone 1 of the liver

A

nearest to distributing vessels

first to be affected by incoming blood

37
Q

Zone 3 of the liver

A

furthest from vessels

first to show ischaemic necrosis and fat accumulation

last to be affected by toxic substances

38
Q

Zone 2 of the liver

A

mix of zone 1 & 3 characteristics

39
Q

Classical Liver Lobule

A

Hexagonal Division

1 central vein

6 hepatic portal triads one in each corner of the hexagon

40
Q

Portal Lobule

A

Triangular division

3 central veins in each corner

1 hepatic portal triad in the centre

41
Q

Hepatic Acinus

A

2 adjacent triangular wedges

2 central veins at each apex of each triangle

2 hepatic lobules

42
Q

Pancreatic acini cells

A

contain inactive forms of digestive enzymes

drained by a series of inter-connecting ducts

emptying directly into the main pancreatic duct

ALI (22 decks)

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