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ALI > 11. Major bacterial and viral pathogens causing enteric infections > Flashcards

11. Major bacterial and viral pathogens causing enteric infections Flashcards

1
Q

Gastroenteritis

A 
Syndrome including:
 nausea
 vomiting
 diarrhoea
 abdominal discomfort
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2
Q

Dysentery

A

Inflammation of GI Tract
small stool with blood/pus
pain
fever

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3
Q

Enterocolitis

A

Inflammation of the mucosa of both large & small intestine

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4
Q

Enteritis

A

inflammation of the small intestine

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5
Q

Colitis

A

inflammation of the large intestine, especially the colon

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6
Q

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

A

Body temperature > 38.9 °C (102.02 °F)

Systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg

Diffuse rash,erythroderma, blanching

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7
Q

6 types of Pathogenic Ecoli

A

1) EPEC
2) ETEC
3) EHEC
4) EIEC
5) EAEC
6) DAEC

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8
Q

EPEC

A

Bind to epithelial cells

disrupt microvilli

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9
Q

ETEC

A

colonize the intestinal epithelium

secrete toxins

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10
Q

EHEC

A

Shiga toxin

binds to Verotoxin* receptors on renal cells

causes :

1) haemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
2) Haemorrhagic colitis (HC)

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11
Q

EIEC

A

Invade cells by endocytosis

multiply in intestinal epithelial cells

ulceration of the intestinal lining

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12
Q

DAEC

A

Sometimes cause diarrhoea

recurrent urinary tract infections

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13
Q

Haemolytic-Uremic Syndrome HUS

A

Acute renal failure

Anaemia, neurological complications

Dialysis/fluid replacement

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14
Q

Salmonella

A

Gram –ve
rod bac

O (cell wall)

H (flagella)

2000 serotypes

Causes secretion of fluid into gut

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15
Q

Cholera

A

Curved bac
gram negative rod

Diarrhoea

Dehydration

Hypovolemic shock

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16
Q

Treatment of cholera

A

prompt rehydration

salt replacement required

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17
Q

Viral causes of diarrhoea

A

1) Rotavirus

2) Norovirus

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18
Q

Rotavirus

A

Double stranded RNA Virus
double shell, non-enveloped

Loss of microvilli = less S.A to absorb nutrients

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19
Q

Rotavirus treatment

A

fluids and salt replacement

20
Q

Rotavirus and Norovirus diagnosis

A

EM or ELISA

21
Q

Incubation time of rotavirus

A

24-48 hr

Vomiting and diarrhoea for 4-7 days

22
Q

Noroviruses

A

Small Round Structured Viruses (SRSV)

23
Q

Incubation time of Norovirus

A

12-24 hours

24
Q

Symptoms of Norovirus

A

Projectile vomiting/diarrhoea

Fever, chills

Abdominal pain (acute Gastroenteritis)

25
Q

Preventing spread of Noroviruses

A

Cooking shell fish >65oC

Removing and washing contaminated clothing/bedding

Barrier nursing/quarantine

26
Q

Cryptosporidium Incubation period

A

average of 7 days

27
Q

Symptoms of Cryptosporidium

A

watery diarrhoea

dehydration

weight loss

abdominal pain

fever

nausea and vomiting

28
Q

Treatment of Cryptosporidium

A

fluid and electrolyte replacement

Nitazoxanide

For persons with AIDS, anti-retroviral therapy

29
Q

Clinical Features of Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)

A

mild abdominal symptoms

proglottids

Occasionally, appendicitis or cholangitis can result from migrating proglottids

30
Q

Clinical features of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

A

proglottids

cysticercosis

31
Q

Clinical Features of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

may cause stunted growth

abdominal pain

haemoptysis

oral expulsion

cough

32
Q

Treatment of Human nematode hookworms

A

anthelmintics

33
Q

Hepatitis A Virus

A

Non-enveloped

positive sense RNA virus

34
Q

HAV Transmission

A

Mainly Fecal-Oral Route

Close personal contact

Contaminated food, water

Blood exposure

35
Q

Incubation period of HAV

A

Average 30 days

36
Q

Hepatitis B Virus – HBV

A

Double stranded DNA virus
+ strand not complete

Replication involves a reverse transcriptase

Classified into 8 genotypes (A-H)

37
Q

HBV Incubation period

A

Average 60-90 days

38
Q

Transmission of HBV

A

Mother to child in utero

High Risk sexual activity

The eye is route for entry

39
Q

Treatment of HBV

A

Entecavir

Interferon

Lamivudine

Adefovir

40
Q

Incubation period of Hepatitis C

A

Average 6-7 wks

41
Q

HCV Transmission

A

Transfusion from infected donor

IV drug use

Haemodialysis

needlestick injury

Multiple sex partners

Birth to HCV-infected mother

42
Q

HCV treatment

A

Interferon

Ribavirin

43
Q

Ecoli causing Bloody diarrhoea

A

1) EIEC

2) EHEC

44
Q

Ecoli causing watery diarrhoea

A

1) EPEC

2) ETEC

45
Q

Taenia Saginata

A

Beef tapeworm

46
Q

Taenia Solium

A

Pork tapeworm

ALI (22 decks)

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