1455-1461 Flashcards
1
Q
When was the battle of St Albans? What were some key points about it?
A
- 22 May 1455
- Lancastrians were outnumbered and out skilled militarily, scattered, Henry VI was captured and the wounded
- Banner wasn’t displayed properly, no psychological advantage
- Henry VI was ridden back into London in between Salisbury and York, Warwick front holding the royal sword
- Military might was in Yorkist hands
- The Yorksists were pardoned and attacks were blamed on Somerset
- York was made constable
2
Q
When was York’s second protectorate? What were some key points about it?
A
- Technically between November 1455 to February 1456, but started after St Albans
- 25 May 1455 Henry recrowned at St Paul’s Cathedral York placed the crown on his head, signifying his power
- Whenever he turned up to parliament he’d come with an armed retinue, military might was his strength and only thing going for him
3
Q
When was the court for the prince of wales created? What were some key points about it?
A
- Created January 1457
- Margaret controlled appointments and had power through Edward of Westminster
- Members such as Humphrey Stafford
4
Q
What were some key events of Margaret of Anjou taking power and opposing Richard Duke of York?
A
- Allying herself with nobles that were his enemies and also building her support base with the new Duke of Somerset and Earl of Shrewsbury (who became treasurer)
- Moving the court to Coventry in 1456 closer to her support base in the midlands and making an arrival in September 1457 making Henry VI go unnoticed
- Between 1456-1457 she made people show her the same amount of respect as the King in the council
5
Q
When was the Loveday Parade? What were some key points from it
A
- 24 March 1458
- Both factions had armies camped nearby ready to fight
- Margaret and York held hands in reconciliation briefly
- York felt like it was counter intuitive, as he conceded more than his opponents
6
Q
What were some key things that happened in Calais regarding Warwick
A
- January 1460 reinforcements to the Duke of Somerset were attacked by Yorkists forces, they managed to recapture impounded ships
- Battle of Newnham Bridge April 1460 Warwick beat Somerset’s forces
- As Warwick had control over the navy force at Calais, Henry couldn’t fend off the coastal invasion, he had to impress men and ships. They were mutinous and scared of Warwick’s forces
- Warwick felt secure enough to leave Calais in his brothers control to go negotiate campaign strategy in Ireland with York
- Due to the royal finances being disrupted by the crippled economy, payments to the garrison were delayed, Warwick kept the soldiers happy with pirating, earning their loyalty to him rather than the king
- August 1457 attack on Sandwich by the French blocked Warwick’s supply lines, rumours circulated that MOA encouraged the raid with French connections
7
Q
When was the Parliament of Devils? What were some key things about it?
A
- November 1459
- Attained 27 rebels, though some were pardoned like William Hastings, meanwhile Henry VI wanted to pardon many as he was merciful
- Released a treatise ‘Dream of the Vigilant’ stating how the Yorkist rebellion could never be justified
- Made it so the Yorkists couldn’t return without force, seeing as they’re now traitors
8
Q
When was the battle of Bloreheath? What were some key points about it?
A
- 23rd September 1459
- Lord Audley was killed and Lord Dudley was captured, Salisbury narrowly escaped capture mid battle
- Lancastrian at 10,000 men and lost, good for Yorkists as they won but bad as they had now opened attack on the anointed monarchs army, this went against their point that they were with the king
- Salisbury up to before the battle technically hadn’t done anything he couldn’t walk away from
9
Q
When was the battle of Ludford Bridge? What were sine key points about it?
A
- 12-13 October 1459
- The king offered the rebels a pardon but they refused it as Salisbury was excluded from it and it would be them admitting to guilt
- York ran with Edmond Earl of Rutland to Ireland while Warwick, Salisbury and Edward went to Calais
- Rank and file remained and were only fined, Henry was too lenient still
- Showed York’s lack of valour by running away, but also showed he wasn’t reckless
10
Q
When was the battle of Northampton? What were some key facts about it?
A
- 10 July 1460
- Henry VI was recaptured by the Yorkists again
- Duke of Buckingham and Earl of Shrewsbury were killed
- Edward MOA fled to the North
11
Q
Richard as protector after Northampton, what happened?
A
- Lancastrians replaced by Yorkists, John Neville made chamberlain
- York returned in September 1460 like a king, displaying the royal banner and holding his sword borne upright before him
- Cited his claim to the throne through Lionel Duke of Clarence, shocked both the lancastrians and the yorksists, an unpopular move
- Middle ground met in October 1460 with the Accord
- Unpopular move spurred the support of the Earl of Devon and Somerset, plus the general public in cases
12
Q
When was the battle of Wakefield? What happened?
A
- 30 December 1460
- Warwick stayed behind to look after London
- York, Salisbury and Edmund Earl of Rutland were killed
- York underestimated the Lancastrian forces
13
Q
When was the second battle of St Albans? What happened?
A
- 17 February 1461
- Warwick was out manoeuvred by MOAs forces, flanked
- MOA regained control of Henry VI, they were in a strong position but they didn’t return to London immediately, they pillaged along the way as celebration and London didn’t let them back in due to bad rep, retreated North
- Warwick was severely shown up, his army were licking its wounds and they had the finest modern weaponry, hand guns and canons
14
Q
When was the battle of Mortimer’s Cross? What happened?
A
- 2-3 February 1461
- Three suns were present in the sky, a celestial omen that was utilised by Edward Earl of March
- Owen Tudor was killed, Jasper Tudor escaped with resentment
- Marched back to London and they let the Yorkists in on the 22 February 1461
15
Q
When was the battle of Towton? What happened?
A
- Ferrybridge on the 28 March leading up
- Yorkists had the advantage of wind and rain blowing into the Lancastrians, arrows flew further while the Lancastrians blew backwards, used by Edward as a sign from god for propaganda
- Edward owed his victory to Warwick and his kinsman for the military support
- Warwick went to the North to restore order in areas like Durham, rewarded with the captain of Calais and admiral of England
