1401-1600 Flashcards
What technique uses the separation of proteins on a gel electrophoresis?
Western blot
Lack of what vitamin causes multiple carboxylase deficiency?
Biotin
What enzyme makes hnRNA/mRNA?
RNA polymerase II
What enzyme is deficient in cystathioninuria?
Cystathionase
What enzyme is deficient in maple syrup urine disease?
Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase
What type of mutation has the addition or deletion of a base?
Frameshift
What is the site of action of puromycin?
Aminoacyl tRNA (A site)
What translational factor is blocked by both diphtheria and Pseudomonas toxins?
Elongation factor 2 (EF-2)
What substrate gets built up in Gaucher’s disease?
Glucosyl cerebroside
What enzyme is deficient in homocystinuria?
Homocysteine methyl transferase or cystathionine synthetase
What substrate is built up in Niemann-Pick disease?
Tyrosine kinase
What is the second messenger system used by growth factors?
Sphingomyelin
What is the name of the sequence on mRNA that precedes the start codon in prokaryotes?
Shine-Dalgarno sequence
What amino acid undergoes N-glycosylation?
Asparagine
What translational factor is blocked by tetracycline?
Elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu)
What translational factor is blocked by streptomycin?
IF-2
Which organisms have polycistronic mRNA?
Prokaryotes: Polycistonic and prokaryotes both start with P.
In what disease are lysosomal enzymes released into the extracellular space where an accumulation of inclusion bodies compromises the cell’s function?
I-cell disease
What is the site of action of chloramphenicol?
Peptidyl transferase (50s)
What is needed to initiate translation?
IF and GTP (OF for eukaryotes)
What is the name of the process of going from DNA to mRNA?
Transcription
Is the hydroxyl (-OH) end of DNA and RNA at the 3’ or the 5’ end?
3’ end. Phosphate (P04) is at the 5’ end.
What is the only factor of enzyme kinetics that the enzyme affects?
Ea (activation energy)
What tumor suppressor gene prevents a cell from entering S phase when no growth factors are present?
Rb gene
What tumor suppressor gene prevents a cell with damaged DNA from entering the S phase?
p53 gene
What factors are needed for elongation in prokaryotes?
EF-Tu or EF-is and GTP
What factors are needed for translocation in eukaryotes?
EF-2 and GTP
What type of inheritance involves carriers, affects only males, and skips generations?
X-linked recessive
What type of separation technique uses RNA on an electrophoresis?
Northern blotting
What factors are needed for elongation in eukaryotes?
EF-1 and GTP
What factors are needed for translation in prokaryotes?
EF-G and GTP
What type of inheritance has no male-to-male transmission, and every daughter is affected from the father in every generation?
X-linked recessive
What virus is associated with intranuclear inclusions known as “owl’s eye” inclusions?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
What virus is associated with Negri bodies?
Rabies virus
What virus is associated with Guarnieri bodies?
Variola virus -7-ox vtrcs
What virus causes small, pink, benign wart-like tumors and is associated with HIV-positive patients?
Molluscum contagiosum
What viruses are associated with cervical carcinoma?
Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) 16 and 18
What virus is associated with erythema infectiosum or fifth disease?
Parvovirus B-19
What virus binds to: CD4?
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
What virus binds to: Ã2-Microglobulin?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
What virus binds to: Complement factor C3?
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) - Qp7_1
What virus binds to: ACh receptors?
Rabies virus
What is the only dsRNA virus?
Reovirus
What are the three non-enveloped RNA viruses?
- Picornavirns 2. Calicivirns 3. Reovirns (PCR)
What viruses are associated with Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusions?
Herpes virus I and II
What virus is associated with the Norwalk agent?
Calicivirns
What virus affects the motor neurons in the anterior horn?
Poliovirus
What is the most common cause of diarrhea in children?
Adenovirns /Ro.S.mftg
What virus lies dormant in the: Trigeminal ganglia?
Herpes I
What virus lies dormant in the: Dorsal root ganglia?
Varicella
What virus lies dormant in the: Sensory ganglia of S2 and S3?
Herpes II
With what virus are Downey type II cells associated?
EBV
What are the four segmented RNA viruses?
- Bunyavirns 2. Orthomyxovirus 3. Reovirns 4. Arenavirus (BORA)
Koilocytic cells on a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear are indicative of what virus?
HPV
What bacteria constitute the most common cause of nosocomial infections in burn patients and in patients with cystic fibrosis?
Pseudomonas
What organism is associated with pneumonia acquired from air conditioners?
Legionella
What species of bacteria is associated with whooping cough?
Bordetella pertus,sis
What two bacteria are associated with drinking unpasteurized milk?
- Brucella 2. Listeria (has tumbling motility)
What organism is associated with gastritis and ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
What species of bacteria is associated with traveler’s diarrhea?
Escherichia coli (enterotoxic)
With what organism is “currant jelly” sputum associated?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
What is the most common cause of enterocolitis?
Salmonella enteritidis
What organism is so infective that it takes only 1 to 10 organisms to cause an infection?
Shigella
What organism stains bipolar and causes buboes?
Yersinia pesos
Rice water stools are indicative of what organism?
Vibrio cholerae
With what organism are intracellular gram-negative inclusions in neutrophils associated?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What organism is most likely to cause an infection if you are bitten by a dog or a cat?
Pasteurella
What organism needs factor X and NAD in order to grow on growth medium?
Haemophilu.s influenzae type B
What organism is associated with a rigid belly and rose spots on the belly?
Salnwnella typhi
What organism will cause an infection if undercooked or raw seafood is eaten?
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
What organism is likely to infect you if you get cut by a shell at the beach?
Vibrio vulnificus
What infective bacteria are found in undercooked hamburgers?
Escherichia coli strain 0157:H7ss
What organism is said to have a “spaghetti and meatball” arrangement under a microscope?
Malassezia furfur
What fungus is associated with rose gardener’s disease?
Sporothrix schenckii
What fungus is seen as colored cauliflower lesions?
Chromomycosis
What fungus is found in soil with bird or bat feces?
Histoplasma cap.sulatum
Which organism causes San Joaquin fever?
Coccidioides immitis
What fungus causes endocarditis in IV drug users?
Candida albicans
What fungus is found in pigeon droppings?
Cryptococcus neoformans
What fungus is seen as a yeast with broad-based buds and a double refractile cell wall?
Blastomyces dermatitidis
What fungus is stained positive with India ink?
Cryptococcus neoforrnans
What virus is the most common causative agent of the common cold in the summer and the fall?
Rhiuovirus
To what family of viruses do dengue, St. Louis, and yellow fever belong?
Flavivirus
What is the name of the bullet-shaped virus?
Rhabdovirus
What virus is responsible for causing the croup and also the common cold in the young and the old?
Paraiuflueuza virus
What is the causative agent of orchitis, parotids, and pancreatitis?
Mumps virus
What virus causes hoof-and-mouth disease?
Vesicular stomatitis virus
What is the most common cause of pneumonia in children 1 year old or younger?
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
What virus is the most common cause of the common cold in the winter and early spring?
Coronavinzs
What yeast is urease positive?
Cryptococcus neoformans
What fungus is a facultative intracellular parasite of the reticular endothelial system?
Histoplasma capsulatum
What virus is helical and has HN and F glycoprotein spikes?
Paramyxovirus
What is the most common cause of pneumonia in persons with underlying health problems?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
What is the most common cause of pneumonia in young children?
Mycoplasma
What virus causes epidemic keratoconjunetivitis?
Adenovirus
What is the most common cold virus?
Rhinovirus
What two viruses have neuraminidase activity?
- Influenza 2. Mumps
What is the most common cause of diarrhea in infants?
Rotavirus
What is the reservoir for the togavirus?
Birds
What two viruses cause pancreatitis?
- Mumps 2. Coxsackie B40
With what two viruses are Reye’s syndrome associated?
- Varicella virus 2. Influenza virus
What is the most common cause of meningitis in: Children younger than 3 months of age?
Streptococcus agalactiae or Escherichia Coli
What is the most common cause of meningitis in: Non-immunized children 12 months to 6 years old?
Haemophilus influenzae type b
What is the most common cause of meningitis in: Immunized children 12 months to 6 years old?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the most common cause of meningitis in: Military recruits?
Neisseria meningitidis
What is the most common cause of meningitis in: HIV+/immunocompromised persons?
Cryptococcus neoformans
What is the most common cause of meningitis in: Adults?
Streptococcus pneunwniae
What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in children?
RSV
What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections?
Escherichia coli
Which three organisms cause heterophilic negative mononucleosis?
- CMV 2. Toxoplasma gondii 3. Listeria
What two genera are spore formers?
- Clostridia 2. Bacillus
What bacteria are responsi- ble for woolsorters’ disease?
Bacillus anthracis
What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What bacteria cause subacute endocarditis and dental caries?
Streptococcus viridans
Which two organisms can cause sulfur granules in the pus?
- Actinomyces 2. Nocardia
What species of bacteria is responsible for causing endocarditis in IV drug users?
Staphylococcus epidermidis
What bacteria are responsible for food poisoning from rice, fried rice, and reheated foods?
Bacillus cereus
Which bacteria present as a common cause of meningitis in renal transplant patients?
Listeria
What bacteria get inoculated into the body by a puncture wound in the skin and also inhibit glycine and GABA?
Clostridium tetani
What bacteria are found in poorly preserved canned food and cause flaccid paralysis?
Clostridium botulinum
What bacteria cause myonecrosis?
Clostridium perfringens
What bacteria cause pseudomembranous colitis?
Clostridium difficile
What bacteria are associated with food poisoning from ham, potato salad, and custards?
Staphylococcus aureus
What three bacteria are quellung reactive test positive?
- Neisseria meningitidis 2. Haemophilus influenzae 3. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Which organism causes a painful chancre?
Haemophilus ducreyi
What is the most common cause of viral pneumonia?
RSV
What is the predominant anaerobe in the colon?
Bacillus fragilis
Which organism causes trench mouth?
Fusobacterium
Which organism causes Lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
Which organism causes Weil’s disease?
Leptospira
What organism causes Q fever?
Coxiella burnetii
Which agent causes pneumonia in college students and military recruits?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
What is the tetrad of Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction?
Rigors, leukopenia, decrease in blood pressure, and increase in temperature
Which spirochete causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Rickettsia rickettsii (wrist to trunk rash)
Which organism causes trench fever?
Rochalimaea quintana
Which organism causes epidemic typhus?
Rickettsia prowazekii (trunk to periphery rash)
Which organism causes pneumonia in bird owners?
Chlamydia psittaci
Which organism causes multiple infections by antigen switching?
Borrelia recurrentis
Which organism has protein A for an anti-opsonization defense?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which organism releases endotoxins PRIOR to cell death?
Neisseria meningitidis
What is the only ssDNA virus?
Parvovirus
What is the only DNA virus to replicate in the cytoplasm?
Poxvirus
What are the three naked DNA viruses?
- Parvovirus 2. Adenovirus 3. Papovavirus (PAP)
What is the only DNA virus that has the reverse transcriptase enzyme?
Hepadnavirus
Which hepatitis virus is an RNA viroid-like virus that needs hepatitis B to be infective?
Hepatitis D
Which hepatitis virus is an enveloped RNA flavivirus, which is known for postinfusional hepatitis?
Hepatitis C
What antigen is needed to diagnose an infectious patient with hepatitis B?
Hepatitis Be antigen
Which type of hepatitis can cause hepatocellular carcinoma?
Hepatitis B 4- C
Which type of hepatitis is a calicivirus?
Hepatitis E (enteric)
Which type of hepatitis is a picornavirus?
Hepatitis A (infectious)
What two antigens need to be positive for a patient to have chronic active hepatitis?
- Hepatitis Bs 2. Hepatitis A antigen
In the window phase of a hepatitis B infection, which antibodies do you see?
Hepatitis Be and c antibodies; You see the antibodies c and e.
Which virus is found in the urine of rodents?
Arenavirus
Which virus is associated with hairy T cell leukemia?
HTLV-I and HTLV-II
What are the components of the rubella triad?
- Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 2. Cataracts 3. Mental retardation
What is the drug of choice to treat: HSV encephalitis?
Vidarabine
What is the drug of choice to treat: RSV pneumonia?
Ribavirin
What is the drug of choice to treat: CMV retinitis/infection?
Ganciclovir
What is the drug of choice to treat: Influenza A?
Amantadine
What is the drug of choice to treat: HSV?
Acyclovir
What is the drug of choice to treat: HPV?
Interferon alpha
What does Candida albicana do that distinguishes it from other fungi?
It forms a germinal tube at 37°C.
Which organism, transmitted by sexual contact, is almost diagnostic by the foul-smelling, green discharge from the vagina and its associated itch?
Trichomonas vaginalis
Which organism is associated with a diffuse bilateral interstitial pneumonia and with HIV-positive patients with CD4 counts of 200 or lower?
Pneumocysti.s carinii
What three organs can be affected by Trypanoaoma cruzi?
- Heart 2. Esophagus 3. Colon Remember-you get “megas:” 1. Cardiomegaly 2. Megaesophagus 3. Megacolon
What organism causes kala-azar, which is associated with hyperpigmentation of the skin, enlargement of the spleen, and decreased bone marrow activity?
Leishmania donovani
Which type of malaria is associated with dark urine?
Plasmodium falciparum (malignant)
What people are “protected” from malaria?
People with heterogenous sickle cell trait
What type of Plasmodium is banana or crescent shaped when stained with Giemsa stain?
Plasmodium falciparum
What is the only Plasmodium that is quartan?
Plasmodium malarize; the others are tertian.
What types of Plasmodium produce latent hypnozoites in the liver, which can cause a relapse?
Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale
What organism is associated with liver abscess, t ulcers, and perforated diaphragms?
Entamoeba histolytica
What type of Plasmodium affects: Only mature RBCs?
Plasmodium malariae
What type of Plasmodium affects: Only redculocytes?
Plasmodium vivax
What type of Plasmodium affects: RBCs of all ages?
Plasmodium falciparum
What three carcinomas are associated with EBV?
- Burkitt’s lymphoma 2. Nasopharvngeal 3. Thymic
What is the direction of the strand if a virus has infectious +RNA?
5’ to 3’ RNA
What two viruses do not get their envelope from budding but actually from coding?
HIV and poxvirus
What glycoprotein in the HIV virus is used for fusion?
GP41
What glycoprotein in the HIV virus attaches to CD4?
GP120
What protein of the HIV virus is used to detect if a patient is HIV-positive by ELISA?
P24
What two viruses cause progressive multifocal encephalitis?
- Simian (SV40) virus 2. JC virus
With what virus do you see Koplik’s spots and Worthin- Finkeldy cells, and possibly subacute sclerosing panencephalitis?
Rubeola (measles)
What are known as jumping genes?
Transposons
What is the most common viral cause of myocarditis?
Coxsackie B
What virus is associated with heterophil-positive mononucleosis?
EBV
What is the only virus to be eradicated?
Smallpox virus
What virus, which creates painful vesicular lesions, is a cause of aseptic meningitis?
Herpes simplex II
What virus attaches to fibroblastic growth factor?
Herpes simplex I
What is the most prevalent coral infection in the USA?
Varicella-zoster virus
What is the only herpes virus to cross the placenta?
CMV
Of what virus are Guarnieri bodies diagnostic?
Smallpox
What cells are atypical on a peripheral blood smear in a heterophil-positive mononucleosis?
T cells not the B cells
What type of hepatitis has the highest mortality rate among pregnant women?
Hepatitis E
What does hepatitis D virus need from hepatitis B virus to be infective?
Hepatitis Bs antigen as its envelope
What are the two hepatitis viruses that can be chronic and can lead eventually to hepatocellular carcinoma?
- Hepatitis B 2. Hepatitis C
What are the only two viruses where naked dsDNA is NOT infectious?
- Poxvirus 2. Hepatitis B virus
What is the only diploid virus?
Retrovirus
What types) of immune response is the body capable of making when presented with a live vaccine?
Humoral and cell mediated
What IIPV is the causative agent of anogenital warts?
HPV 6 and 11
