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Clinical Chemistry 2 > 14. Toxicology > Flashcards

14. Toxicology Flashcards

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1
Q

Describes the change in effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure to a stressor

A

Dose-response relationship

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2
Q

Describes how a patient will process and eliminate a compound; changes throughout life

A

Pharmacokinetics

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3
Q

Suitable specimens for alcohol analysis

A

Whole blood
Serum
Plasma

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4
Q

Most common route of exposure in clinical setting

A

Ingestion

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5
Q

Analytical method of acetaminophen measurement on automated analyzers?

A

Immunoassay (EMIT, FPIA)

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6
Q

Main method of treatment for acetaminophen toxicity?

A

IV administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC)

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7
Q

Toxic compound of acetaminophen metabolism

A

NAPQI

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8
Q

Most common analytical method for salicylate measurement is the ________ reaction

A

Trinder

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9
Q

Ethanol RI

A

<= 2.0 mmol/L

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10
Q

The decrease in mediator prostaglandin is responsible for acetaminophen’s _________ effect

A

antipyretic

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11
Q

Reye’s syndrome is associated with which analgesic?

A

Aspirin (salicylate)

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12
Q

Increased ___ and ___ are sensitive indicators of excess alcohol intake

A

GGT, MCV

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13
Q

Specific urine test that would suggest isopropanol toxicity

A

Ketone positive (detection of acetone)

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14
Q

Any agent that counteracts the effects of a poison

A

Antidotes

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15
Q

Sealed alcohol analysis specimens are good for ____ days w/o loss of ethanol

A

14 days

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16
Q

ADH inhibitor used in the treatment of alcohol poisonings

A

Fomepizole

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17
Q

The decrease in prostaglandin production is responsible for acetaminophen’s _________ effect

A

analgesic

18
Q

Toxic metabolite of methanol metabolism

A

Formic acid

19
Q

Level at which 50% of population will experience adverse toxic effects

A

TD50

20
Q

Toxic range of salicylate

A

> 2.20 mmol/L

21
Q

The quantitative study of a toxicant’s disposition in the body of an affected person over time

A

Toxicokinetics

is the change in pharmacokinetic processes during a toxicological situation

22
Q

How does the Trinder reaction work?

A

Salicylate + Fe3+ = coloured complex

23
Q

3 treatments for salicylate toxicity

A
  • Activated charcoal to bind aspirin
  • Increase elimination - hemodialysis
  • Correct acid-base, electrolyte disturbances
24
Q

This acid-base disorder occurs in early/mild salicylate poisoning

A

Respiratory alkalosis

25
Q

Property of aspirin that may cause prolonged prothrombin time (PT)

A

Interference w/ platelet aggregation

26
Q

3 main routes of exposure

A

Dermal
Ingestion
Inhalation

27
Q

What is LD50

A

Dose that would cause death in 50% of the population

28
Q

How does NAC help treat acetaminophen toxicity

A

Acts as glutathione substitute to help replenish hepatic glutathione = increases capacity of liver to detoxify the active metabolite (NAPQI)

29
Q

Therapeutic range of acetaminophen

A

70 - 130 umol/L

30
Q

Toxic range of acetaminophen

A

4 hrs after dose = >1324 umol/L

12 hrs after dose = >300 umol/L

31
Q

4 major disciplines within toxicology

A

clinical
environmental
forensic
workplace/occupational

32
Q

Therapeutic range of salicylate

A

0.7 - 1.8 mmol/L

33
Q

Why does metabolic acidosis develop as salicylate poisoning progresses?

A

Salicylates:
- enhance anaerobic glycolysis to cause excess production of organic acids

  • stimulates and mobilizes free fatty acids which convert to ketones
34
Q

ADH oxidizes ethylene glycol to?

A

Glycoaldehyde

35
Q

How is acetaminophen deactivated?

A

Conjugation w/ glutathione

36
Q

3 ways to treat methanol poisoning

A
  • Give ethanol or fomepizole
  • Folate (enhance folate-mediated metabolism of formic acid)
  • Hemodialysis
37
Q

Why does ethylene glycol poisoning cause decreased Ca2+?

A

Ca2+ gets used in formation of calcium oxalate due to normal ethylene glycol metabolism

38
Q

What is TD50?

A

Threshold dose - level at which 50% of the population will experience adverse toxic effects

39
Q

What is ED50?

A

Effective dose - dose that would be effective/therapeutic in 50% of the population

40
Q

2 urine crystals seen in ethylene glycol poisoning

A

Calcium oxalate

Hippuric acid

Clinical Chemistry 2 (15 decks)

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