13. Lecture

Question 1

• Active immunization

Answer 1

viral vaccines
• preventive method
• most widespread form to control viral diseases and prevent economic losses
• drawback: coexistence with the virus
→ Most vaccines do not prevent infection!

Question 2

general rules in viral vaccines/immunization against viral disease

Answer 2

• inhibitory effect of maternal antibodies
• negative phase
• vaccination schedules
• avoid immunosuppression

Question 3

vaccine types

Answer 3

• monovalent

* polyvalent

Question 4

live virus vaccines; Virulent virus vaccines

Answer 4

(wild type)

•different entry site

Question 5

natural attenuated vaccines

Answer 5

•Naturally occurring mutants (isolation)

Question 6

Artificially attenuated viruses

Answer 6

• serial passages (in alien host, in embryonated eggs, in
cell cultures)
• selection of thermo-sensitive mutants
• genetic modification (deletion mutants)
→ marker, DIVA vaccines (IBR, Aujeszky’s disease)

Question 7

Heterotypic vaccines

Answer 7

are pathogens of other animals that either do not cause disease or cause mild disease in the organism being treated
• Marek’s disease – Turkey herpes
• smallpox – vaccinia virus

Question 8

Virus-vectored vaccines

Answer 8

• introduction antigens into apathogen viruses

Question 9

Inactivated (killed) vaccines:

Answer 9

→ The virus is not able to multiply

Question 10

adjuvants (enhancing)

Answer 10

•slow antigen release, depo-effect
•immunostimulation
•AlOH3
, saponine, oil

boostering is necessary in inactivated vaccines

Question 11

Route of administration in live and inactivated vaccines

Answer 11

live: natural/injection
inactivated: injection

Question 12

Virus dose (~cost) in live and inactivated vaccines

Answer 12

live: low
inactivated: high

Question 13

Number of doses in live and inactivated vaccines

Answer 13

live: single
inactivated: multiple

Question 14

need of adjuvant in live and inactivated vaccines

Answer 14

live: no
inactivated: yes

Question 15

Duration of immunity: live and inactivated vaccines

Answer 15

live: longer
inactivated: shorter

Question 16

Antibody response: live and inactivated vaccines

Answer 16

live: IgG, IgA
inactivated: IgG

Question 17

Cell-mediated response: live and inactivated vaccines

Answer 17

live: good
inactivated: poor

Question 18

Heat instability in tropics in live and inactivated vaccines

Answer 18

live: yes
inactivated: no

Question 19

Interference: live and inactivated vaccines

Answer 19

live: occational
inactivated: no

Question 20

Side effects: live and inactivated vaccines

Answer 20

live: occational
inactivated: no

Question 21

Reversion to virulence in live and inactivated vaccines

Answer 21

live: possible
inactivated: no

Question 22

Contamination in live and inactivated vaccines

Answer 22

live: possible
inactivated: no

Question 23

subunit vaccines

Answer 23

•contains only proteins responsible for neutralization

Question 24

production of subunit vaccines

Answer 24

•purification after traditional virus production
→chromatography, iscom
• purification of proteins produced by genetically
manipulated bacteria or cells
• synthesis
→ maturation of the polypeptide!

Question 25

advantages of subunit vaccines

Answer 25

• safe (without nucleic acid)
• opportunity for differentiation (ELISA)
• in experiments good efficacy

Question 26

Disadvantages of subunit vaccines

Answer 26

• expensive
• only parenteral administration
• in vivo usually weaker immune response

Question 27

Anti-idiotype vaccines

Answer 27

•epitope and paratope groups
(„key and lock” theory) (receptor parts)
–> receptor only, not the actual virus
•absolutely safe vaccines

Question 28

production of Anti-idiotype vaccines

Answer 28

• animal species „A” immunized with viral antigen
→ anti-viral IgG „A” is purified
• animal species „B” is immunized with anti-viral
IgG „A”
→ anti-(IgG „A”) IgG „B” is purified
→Fab of IgG „B” ~ viral antigen
• usually with monoclonal antibodies