(12) Development Flashcards
Define “puberty”
The stage at which people become physically capable of reproducing.
What’s the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics?
Primary: changes in sex organs that are directly involved in reproduction.
Secondary: physical characteristics that differentiate men and women but are not directly involved in reproduction.
What are examples of secondary sex characteristics in men and women?
Broadening of the shoulders in men and breast development in women.
What is an example of a primary sex characteristic in women?
Enlarged uterus
What is the average age when American females get their first period?
Between 12 and 13.
Who identified and termed adolescent egocentrism?
David Elkind
Define “imaginary audience”
The common belief among adolescents that they are the center of other people’s attention.
Imaginary audience and personal fable are the components that describe which aspect of adolescent thinking?
Egocentrism.
Lawrence Kohlberg was interested in which aspect of development?
Moral.
How did Kohlberg study moral development?
Presenting people with moral dilemmas to respond to.
What are the 3 levels of moral development according to Kohlberg’s theory?
Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
Describe the preconventional stage of moral development
Following “good behavior” that will avoid punishment from an authority and later behavior that serves the person’s own needs/interests.
Describe the conventional stage of moral development
Moral reasoning is based on conformity with conventional rules of right and wrong via social rules and laws.
Describe the postconventional stage of moral development
The highest level of moral reasoning, following an underlying set of self-chosen, abstract ethical principles.
Who coined the term “identity crisis?”
Erik Erikson.
Define “identity crisis”
The stressful time of soul searching and self-examination that many adolescents experience.
Define “role diffusion” in Erikson’s model
A lack of direction or aimlessness with respect to one’s role in life or public identity.
What and when does the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage of psychosocial development occur?
The toddler (2-3-yo) develops a sense of independence and self-control by being allowed to explore and try stuff on their own.
What and when does the trust vs. mistrust stage of psychosocial development occur?
Infant (up to 1-yo) must be treated warmly and responsively by guardians to learn to trust the world as a warm and comforting place.
What is the correct sequence of psychosocial stages in child development?
Trust, autonomy, initiative, industry.
What and when does the initiative vs. guilt stage of psychosocial development occur?
3-6-yo kids are challenged to initiate actions and carry them out. If praised, a sense of initiative and competence develops.
What and when does the industry vs. inferiority stage of psychosocial development occur?
6-12-yo kids develop industriousness and self-confidence by believing that they perform competently in class and on the playing field. Accomplishments must be praised.
