(12) Development

Question 1

Define “puberty”

Answer 1

The stage at which people become physically capable of reproducing.

Question 2

What’s the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 2

Primary: changes in sex organs that are directly involved in reproduction.
Secondary: physical characteristics that differentiate men and women but are not directly involved in reproduction.

Question 3

What are examples of secondary sex characteristics in men and women?

Answer 3

Broadening of the shoulders in men and breast development in women.

Question 4

What is an example of a primary sex characteristic in women?

Answer 4

Enlarged uterus

Question 5

What is the average age when American females get their first period?

Answer 5

Between 12 and 13.

Question 6

Who identified and termed adolescent egocentrism?

Answer 6

David Elkind

Question 7

Define “imaginary audience”

Answer 7

The common belief among adolescents that they are the center of other people’s attention.

Question 8

Imaginary audience and personal fable are the components that describe which aspect of adolescent thinking?

Answer 8

Egocentrism.

Question 9

Lawrence Kohlberg was interested in which aspect of development?

Answer 9

Moral.

Question 10

How did Kohlberg study moral development?

Answer 10

Presenting people with moral dilemmas to respond to.

Question 11

What are the 3 levels of moral development according to Kohlberg’s theory?

Answer 11

Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

Question 12

Describe the preconventional stage of moral development

Answer 12

Following “good behavior” that will avoid punishment from an authority and later behavior that serves the person’s own needs/interests.

Question 13

Describe the conventional stage of moral development

Answer 13

Moral reasoning is based on conformity with conventional rules of right and wrong via social rules and laws.

Question 14

Describe the postconventional stage of moral development

Answer 14

The highest level of moral reasoning, following an underlying set of self-chosen, abstract ethical principles.

Question 15

Who coined the term “identity crisis?”

Answer 15

Erik Erikson.

Question 16

Define “identity crisis”

Answer 16

The stressful time of soul searching and self-examination that many adolescents experience.

Question 17

Define “role diffusion” in Erikson’s model

Answer 17

A lack of direction or aimlessness with respect to one’s role in life or public identity.

Question 18

What and when does the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage of psychosocial development occur?

Answer 18

The toddler (2-3-yo) develops a sense of independence and self-control by being allowed to explore and try stuff on their own.

Question 19

What and when does the trust vs. mistrust stage of psychosocial development occur?

Answer 19

Infant (up to 1-yo) must be treated warmly and responsively by guardians to learn to trust the world as a warm and comforting place.

Question 20

What is the correct sequence of psychosocial stages in child development?

Answer 20

Trust, autonomy, initiative, industry.

Question 21

What and when does the initiative vs. guilt stage of psychosocial development occur?

Answer 21

3-6-yo kids are challenged to initiate actions and carry them out. If praised, a sense of initiative and competence develops.

Question 22

What and when does the industry vs. inferiority stage of psychosocial development occur?

Answer 22

6-12-yo kids develop industriousness and self-confidence by believing that they perform competently in class and on the playing field. Accomplishments must be praised.