(11) Prenatal, Piaget, Vygotsky, Parenting & Attachment Flashcards
What are the two most frequently used methods for studying developmental changes?
Cross-sectional and longitudinal methods
Which chromosome(s) do sperm and ova have respectively?
Sperm: X or Y
Ova: X
Define “zygote”
Fertilized egg
What are the 3 stages that developmental psychologists describe prenatal development as occurring in?
Germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.
Define “amniotic sac”
The protective environment inside the mother’s uterus
Define “placenta”
The organ that provides for the exchange of nutrients and waste materials between the mother and fetus.
What is the time frame of prenatal development?
Week 9 through delivery.
An image of the fetus and amniotic sac is provided by which prenatal technique?
Ultrasound
Define “reflex”
Unlearned response to a particular stimulus.
Define “rooting reflex”
The reflexive turning of the newborn’s head in the direction of a touch on its cheek.
Define “Babinski reflex”
The reflexive fanning out and curling of an infant’s toes and inward twisting of its foot when the sole of the foot is stroked.
Define “eyeblink reflex”
The reflexive blinking of the eyes that protects the newborn from bright light and foreign objects.
Who studied the process of imprinting in geese and other species?
Konrad Lorenz
Describe the authoritative parenting style
Rigid [setting reasonable limits for their kids but not being overcontrolling]
Describe the permissive parenting style
Lax [in setting limits and imposing discipline]
What parenting style does research suggest is the most effective parenting style?
Authoritative
Which theorist identified stages of psychosocial development?
Erik Erikson
What is the correct sequence of psychosocial stages in child development?
Trust, autonomy, initiative, industry.
How does a sense of inferiority manifest in a 6-12-yo child in that stage of development?
Lack of praise for child’s efforts diminishes self-confidence, leading to the child becoming withdrawn and unmotivated.
Who was the most influential theorist on cognitive development (and may be considered the most important developmental theorist of all time)?
Jean Piaget
Define “schema” (according to Piaget)
An organized system of mental representations used to understand the world.
Define “adaptation”
The process of changing to function more effectively in responding to environmental challenges.
Define “accommodation”
Changing existing schemas to incorporate new information.
What is the correct sequencing of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.
According to Piaget, full cognitive maturity occurs in which stage of cognitive development?
Formal operational
Define “egocentrism”
The tendency to view the world only from one’s own perspective, characteristic of the preoperational stage.
Define “conservation” in Piaget’s theory
The ability to recognize that the quantity of an object remains constant despite superficial changes in its outward appearance.
Define “animistic thinking” in Piaget’s theory
The child’s belief that inanimate objects have living qualities.
Describe the zone of proximal development in Vygotsky’s theory
The range between children’s present level of skills and knowledge and their potential level with appropriate guidance.
What is the optimal relationship between adult and child according to Vygotsky?
Tutor and student.
