(11) Prenatal, Piaget, Vygotsky, Parenting & Attachment

Question 1

What are the two most frequently used methods for studying developmental changes?

Answer 1

Cross-sectional and longitudinal methods

Question 2

Which chromosome(s) do sperm and ova have respectively?

Answer 2

Sperm: X or Y
Ova: X

Question 3

Define “zygote”

Answer 3

Fertilized egg

Question 4

What are the 3 stages that developmental psychologists describe prenatal development as occurring in?

Answer 4

Germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.

Question 5

Define “amniotic sac”

Answer 5

The protective environment inside the mother’s uterus

Question 6

Define “placenta”

Answer 6

The organ that provides for the exchange of nutrients and waste materials between the mother and fetus.

Question 7

What is the time frame of prenatal development?

Answer 7

Week 9 through delivery.

Question 8

An image of the fetus and amniotic sac is provided by which prenatal technique?

Answer 8

Ultrasound

Question 9

Define “reflex”

Answer 9

Unlearned response to a particular stimulus.

Question 10

Define “rooting reflex”

Answer 10

The reflexive turning of the newborn’s head in the direction of a touch on its cheek.

Question 11

Define “Babinski reflex”

Answer 11

The reflexive fanning out and curling of an infant’s toes and inward twisting of its foot when the sole of the foot is stroked.

Question 12

Define “eyeblink reflex”

Answer 12

The reflexive blinking of the eyes that protects the newborn from bright light and foreign objects.

Question 13

Who studied the process of imprinting in geese and other species?

Answer 13

Konrad Lorenz

Question 14

Describe the authoritative parenting style

Answer 14

Rigid [setting reasonable limits for their kids but not being overcontrolling]

Question 15

Describe the permissive parenting style

Answer 15

Lax [in setting limits and imposing discipline]

Question 16

What parenting style does research suggest is the most effective parenting style?

Answer 16

Authoritative

Question 17

Which theorist identified stages of psychosocial development?

Answer 17

Erik Erikson

Question 18

What is the correct sequence of psychosocial stages in child development?

Answer 18

Trust, autonomy, initiative, industry.

Question 19

How does a sense of inferiority manifest in a 6-12-yo child in that stage of development?

Answer 19

Lack of praise for child’s efforts diminishes self-confidence, leading to the child becoming withdrawn and unmotivated.

Question 20

Who was the most influential theorist on cognitive development (and may be considered the most important developmental theorist of all time)?

Answer 20

Jean Piaget

Question 21

Define “schema” (according to Piaget)

Answer 21

An organized system of mental representations used to understand the world.

Question 22

Define “adaptation”

Answer 22

The process of changing to function more effectively in responding to environmental challenges.

Question 23

Define “accommodation”

Answer 23

Changing existing schemas to incorporate new information.

Question 24

What is the correct sequencing of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

Answer 24

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

Question 25

According to Piaget, full cognitive maturity occurs in which stage of cognitive development?

Answer 25

Formal operational

Question 26

Define “egocentrism”

Answer 26

The tendency to view the world only from one’s own perspective, characteristic of the preoperational stage.

Question 27

Define “conservation” in Piaget’s theory

Answer 27

The ability to recognize that the quantity of an object remains constant despite superficial changes in its outward appearance.

Question 28

Define “animistic thinking” in Piaget’s theory

Answer 28

The child’s belief that inanimate objects have living qualities.

Question 29

Describe the zone of proximal development in Vygotsky’s theory

Answer 29

The range between children’s present level of skills and knowledge and their potential level with appropriate guidance.

Question 30

What is the optimal relationship between adult and child according to Vygotsky?

Answer 30

Tutor and student.