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NE Exam 1 > 12: Anatomy And Histo Of The Ear > Flashcards

12: Anatomy And Histo Of The Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the ear located?

A

In the dense petrous portion of the temporal bone

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2
Q

Two arteries to the external ear

A
  1. Posterior auricular A

2. Superficial temporal A

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3
Q

Two nerves that provide sensory to the external ear

A
  1. Greater auricular N

2. Auriculotemporal N

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4
Q

Two gland types in the external acoustic meatus

A
  1. Ceruminous glands

2. Sebaceous glands

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5
Q

Outside vs inside of TM histo

A

Outside: stratified squamous ep
Inside: simple cuboidal ep

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6
Q

Tip of cone shape on external TM

A

Umbo

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7
Q

N to external and internal TM

A

External: auriculotemporal N
Internal: small branch of CN V3

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8
Q

Two things that can cause perforated TM

A
  1. Abnormal increase in medial ear pressure

2. External trauma

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9
Q

Two parts of the middle ear

A
  1. Tympanic cavity

2. Epitympanic recess

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10
Q

Six walls of the middle ear

A
  1. Tegmental wall
  2. Jugular wall
  3. Membranous wall
  4. Labyrinthine wall
  5. Mastoid wall
  6. Carotid wall
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11
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube

A

Connects middle ear to nasopharynx

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12
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube composition

A

Posterolateral part is bon, remainder is elastic cartilage

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13
Q

Three muscles that open the pharyngotympanic tube

A
  1. Levator veli palatini
  2. Tensor veli palatini
  3. Salpingopharyngeus
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14
Q

Incus location and connection to wall

A
  1. In epitympanic space

2. Connected to posterior wall by a ligament

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15
Q

How much do the auditory ossicles amplify vibratory force?

A

10x

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16
Q

Tensor tympani O and I

A

O: pharyngotympanic tube, greater wing of sphenoid, petrous part of temporal bone
I: malleolus

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17
Q

Tensor tympani action

A

Pulls malleolus to tense membrane, reducing amplitude

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18
Q

Innervation to tensor tympani muscle and stapedius muscle

A

Tensor tympani: CN 5

Stapedius: CN 7

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19
Q

Stapedius O and I

A

O; pyramidal eminence on posterior wall of tympanic cavity

I: stapes

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20
Q

Stapedius action

A

Pulls stapes posteriorly, reducing oscillatory range, preventing excess movement of stapes

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21
Q

Otitis media

A

Earache with possible fluid or pus in middle ear due to inflammation or infection

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22
Q

Mastoiditis

A

Infection of mastoid cells, treated with Abx

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23
Q

Where can mastoiditis spread to

A

Into cranial fossa via petrosquamous cranial suture

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24
Q

Three areas in the bony labyrinth

A
  1. Semicircular canals
  2. Vestibule
  3. Cochlea
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25
Q

What does the vestibule contain?

A

Saccule, utricle

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26
Q

Where is the membranous labyrinth

A

Inside the bony labyrinth

27
Q

Three divisions of the membranous labyrinth

A
  1. Vestibular division (semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule)
  2. Cochlear division
  3. Sensory cells
28
Q

Six regions of sensory cells

A

1 organ of corti
2 maculae
3 cristae ampullari

29
Q

Perilymphatic space

A

Between bony and membranous labyrinths

30
Q

Liquid in perilymphatic space and what it drains via into where

A

Similar to CSF

Drains via perilymphatic duct -> into subarachnoid space

31
Q

Endolymphatic space fluid - composition and where it comes from

A

High in K, low in NA

Originates from stria vascularis

32
Q

Where does endolymphatic fluid drain into and via what?

A

Endolymphatic duct -> venous sinuses of dura mater

33
Q

Hair cell composition (vestibular vs auditory system)

A

Have an array of stereocilia
In vestibular system: has one true Cilium (kinocilium)
In auditory system: cilia structure is lost besides kinocilium’s basal body

34
Q

Gates in stereocilia

A

Mechanoelectrically-gated ion channels, that allow K to enter when moved

35
Q

What does gentamicin target?

A

Hair cells

36
Q

Three compartments of the cochlear duct

A
  1. Scala media
  2. Scala vestibuli
  3. Scala tympani
37
Q

Fluid in scala media vs scala vestibuli

A

Media: endolymph
Vestibuli: perilymph

38
Q

Stria vascularis

A

Lateral wall of scala media, produces endolymph and contains the organ of corti

39
Q

Which two compartments of the cochlear duct are continuous?

A

Scala vestibuli, scala tympani

40
Q

Three types of cells in the organ of corti and their function

A
  1. Hair cells: sensory
  2. Phalangeal cells: support
  3. Pillar cells: support
41
Q

Where are hair cell stereocilia embedded in the organ of corti?

A

In the overlying tectorial membrane

42
Q

Sound moving through the organ of corti

A

Basilar membrane vibrates -> stereocilia deflection -> K channels open in hair cells -> moves tectorial membrane -> signals bipolar neuron cells bodies in spiral ganglion

43
Q

How does the spiral ganglion transmit signals?

A

Via CN 8

44
Q

Where is scala vestibuli moved?

A

By the stapes at the oval window

45
Q

Which part of the cochlear duct connects to the round window?

A

Scala tympani

46
Q

Outer spiral lamina

A

Bony shelf that supports the tectorial membrane

47
Q

High vs low frequency in cochlea

A

High: detected near base of cochlea

Low freq: move further, closer to the tip of the duct

48
Q

What is changed depending on amplitude of sound

A

Degree of displacement of hair cells

49
Q

Three types of hearing loss with what is affected

A
  1. Conductive: outer/middle ear
  2. Sensorineural: inner ear or auditory nerve
  3. Central: CNS
50
Q

Examples of things that can cause conductive hearing loss

A

Fluid buildup in middle ear, otitis, excess ear wax, otosclerosis (stiff ear bones)

51
Q

What causes sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Age and noise

52
Q

Describe the semicircular canals

A

Three canals in different axes, filled with endolymph

53
Q

Ends of semicircular canals

A

Ampulla: filled with gelatinous material with a cupula, sensory hair cells have stereocilia attached to cupula, which becomes displaced by motion in the canals

54
Q

What do the semicircular canals detect?

A

Rotational velocity

55
Q

What do the utricle and saccule both contain?

A

A macula

56
Q

What is in a macula

A

Cluster of hair cells with stereocilia embedded in otolithic membrane, which is covered in otoconia

57
Q

Otoconia

A

Ca carbonate crystals in the maculae

58
Q

What two things do the utricle and saccule sense

A

Gravity, linear acceleration

59
Q

Menieres cause

A

Increase endolymph volume -> abnormal signaling (true cause is unclear)

60
Q

Possible treatment for severe Menieres

A

Surgical ablation of parts of labyrinthine system, but risks of permanent hearing loss

61
Q

Sx of menieres syndrome

A

Dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, fluctuating hearing loss

62
Q

Viral labyrinthitis

A

Same symptoms as Menieres, but usually resolves in a week

63
Q

Three nerves in the internal acoustic meatus

A
  1. Vestibular N
  2. Acoustic N
  3. Facial N

NE Exam 1 (16 decks)

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