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HAN 312 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

The venae cavae bring oxygen-poor blood that has passed through all of the body to the right atrium [3], the thin-walled upper right chamber of the heart. The right atrium contracts to force blood through the tricuspid valve [4] (cusps are the flaps of the valves) into the right ventricle [5], the lower right chamber of the heart. The cusps of the tricuspid valve form a one-way passage designed to keep the blood flowing in only one direction. As the right ventricle contracts to pump oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary valve [6] into the pulmonary artery [7], the tricuspid valve stays shut, thus preventing blood from pushing back into the right atrium. The pulmonary artery then branches to carry oxygendeficient blood to each lung.

The blood that enters the lung capillaries from the pulmonary artery soon loses its large quantity of carbon dioxide into the lung tissue, and the carbon dioxide is expelled. At the same time, oxygen enters the capillaries of the lungs and is brought back to the heart via the pulmonary veins [8]. The newly oxygenated blood enters the left atrium [9] of the heart from the pulmonary veins. The walls of the left atrium contract to force blood through the mitral valve [10] into the left ventricle [11].

The left ventricle has the thickest walls of all four heart chambers (three times the thickness of the right ventricular wall). It must pump blood with great force so that the blood travels through arteries to all parts of the body. The left ventricle propels the blood through the aortic valve [12] into the aorta [13], which branches to carry blood all over the body. The aortic valve closes to prevent return of aortic blood to the left ventricle

A

process

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2
Q

interatrial septum

A

separates the 2 upper chambers (atria)

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3
Q

interventricular septum

A

a muscular wall, lies between the 2 lower chambers (ventricles)

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4
Q

endocardium

A

a smooth layer of endothelial cells, lines the interior of the heart and heart valves

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5
Q

myocardium

A

the middle, muscular layer of the heart wall, is thickest layer

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6
Q

pericardium

A

a fibrous and membranous sac surrounds the heart-> composed of 2 layers

  • visceral pericaridium: adhering to the heart
  • parietal (parietal means wall) pericardium: lining the outer fibrous coat
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7
Q

pericardial cavity

A
  • between the visceral and the parietal pericardial layers

- normally contains 10 to 15 mL of pericardial fluid, which lubricates the membranes as the heart beats

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8
Q

2 phases of the heartbeat

A
  • diastole (relaxation)

- systole (contraction)

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9
Q

diastole occurs when ventricles walls relax and blood flows into the heart from the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins

A

true

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10
Q

the tricuspid and mitral valves open in diastole as blood passes from the right and left atria into the ventricles. pulmonary and aortic valves close at beginning of diastole

A

true

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11
Q

tricuspid and mitral valves are closed during systole (prevents the back flow of blood)

A

true

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12
Q

“lubb” is associated with closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of systole. first heart sound

A

true

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13
Q

“dubb”= closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole. second heart sound

A

true

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14
Q

the flow of blood thru the valves can produce an abnormal swishing sound known as a murmur

A

true

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15
Q

initiating heart beat= small region of muscle tissue in the posterior portion of the right atrium, where elevtrical impulse originates= this is SA node or PACEMAKER

A

current of electricity in the pacemaker causes walls of atria to contract

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16
Q

atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)

A

specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them

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17
Q

atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (sa node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his) towards the ventricles

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18
Q

coronary arteries

A

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen rich blood to the heart muscle

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19
Q

electrocardiogram

A

record of the electrical activity of the heart. the electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T

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20
Q

normal sinus rhythm

A

heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100 beats per minute

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21
Q

pacemaker (sinoatrial node)

A

specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. an artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning.

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22
Q

pulmonary artery

A

artery carrying oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs

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23
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

instrument to measure blood pressure

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24
Q

systemic circulation

A

flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues

25
Q

tricuspid valve

A

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; has 3 leaflets or cusps

26
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

27
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

28
Q

arter/o

arteri/o

A

artery

29
Q

ather/o

A

yellowish plaque, fatty substance

  • > atheroma: atheromas are collections of plaque that protrude into the lumen (opening) of an artery, weakening the muscle lining
  • > atherosclerosis: major form of arteriosclerosis in which deposits of yellow plaque (atheromas) containing cholesterol and lipids are found within the lining of the artery
30
Q

atri/o

A

atrium, upper heart chamber

31
Q

brachi/o

A

arm

32
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

33
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

abnormal thickening of heart muscle, usually in the left ventricle. the ventricle has to work harder to pump blood. the condition may be inherited or develop over time because of high blood pressure or aging.

34
Q

bradycardia

A

slower than 60 bpm

35
Q

tachycardia

A

faster than 100 bpm.

36
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

results from failure of the heart in its pumping action. shock is circulatory failure associated with inadequate delivery of o2 and nutrients to body tissues.

37
Q

coron/o

A

heart

38
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

39
Q

myx/o

A

mucus
-> myxoma: a benign tumor derived from connective tissue, with cells embedded in soft mucoid stromal tissue. occur more frequently in left atrium

40
Q

ox/o

A

oxygen

-> hypoxia: inadequate o2 in tissues

41
Q

pericardi/o

A

pericardium

-> pericardiocentesis: removal of excess fluid from the pericardial space

42
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

43
Q

rrhythm/o

A

rhythm

-> arrhythmia: abnormal heart rhythm

44
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

45
Q

steth/o

A

chest

46
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

47
Q

valvul/o,

valv/o

A

valve
-> valvuloplasty: a balloon tipped catheter dilates a cardiac valve

-> mitralvalvulitis: Commonly associated with rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease caused by inadequate treatment of a streptococcal infection. An autoimmune reaction occurs, leading to inflammation and damage to heart valves.

48
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

49
Q

vascul/o

A

vessel

50
Q

ven/o,

ven/i

A

vein

51
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle, lower heart chamber

52
Q

ather/o

A

yellowish plaque

53
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

54
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

55
Q

arrhythmias

A

abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)

56
Q

bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

A

failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

  • heart beats slowly… results in bradychardia
  • implantation of artifical cardiac pacemaker overcomes arrhythmias and keeps heart beating at proper rate.
57
Q

flutter

A

rapid but regular contractions, usually of atria

  • HR may reach 300 bpm
  • symptomatic of heart disease
58
Q

fibrillation

A

very rapid, random, ineffeicient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per min)

HAN 312 (21 decks)

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