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M11 > 11.3 Airframe Structures > Flashcards

11.3 Airframe Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of aircraft fuselage construction?

A

. Monocoque
. Semi - monocoque

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2
Q

What does a monocoque construction consist of?

A

. Frame assemblies and bulkheads to give shape to fuselage
. Skim to contain cabin pressure

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3
Q

What is the main disadvantage of a monocoque construction?

A

Trying to maintain strength whilst being within weight limits

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4
Q

A semi- monocoque construction can withstand higher damage and strength than a monocoque… why is this?

A

Because the stringers, frames and additional clip share the load with the skin

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5
Q

What is the normal spacing of frames in a construction?

A

20 inches apart

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6
Q

What do bulkheads do?

A

Bulkheads carry and distribute different loads and fuselage

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7
Q

What do pressure bulkheads do?

A

Withstand cabin pressure

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8
Q

What is the purpose of a stringer?

A

Gives shape and carry stresses such as: banding, torsion and cabin pressure loads

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9
Q

How are stringers connected to each other?

A

By stringer splices

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10
Q

What is the main purpose of a clip on inner surface of skin?

A

Transfer pressure loads from skin panel to the frame

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11
Q

How do floor beams lay?

A

Lay horizontally, adjacent to the skin panel

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12
Q

Where are shear ties placed and why?

A

They extend along the two side of fuselage
Provides extra oath for distribution of cabin pressure loads

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13
Q

Where is the keel beam located and why do we have it?

A

. Located through the centre wing section of fuselage
. Supports wheel well where bending occurs

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14
Q

What does the centre section provide?

A

A structure for joining the centre wing box and main landing gears together

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15
Q

The tail section of the aircraft is designed to take loads from where?

A

The empennage

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16
Q

When is a flaying surface seal applied?

A

During manufacture,
Impossible to apply after assembly

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17
Q

When would you know that the flaying surface sealant is satisfactory?

A

When a small amount of sealant is extruded in both sides of joint after assembly

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18
Q

When are fillet seals used?

A

To seal seams, joint and intersecting plane/ surfaces

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19
Q

When is a fillet seal satisfactory?

A

When the fillet overlaps the seam by required dimension

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20
Q

When would you use an injection seal?

A

To fill holes, channels and joggles

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21
Q

Why do we fastener seal?

A

. To make a fluid tight seal
. Minimise corrosion
. Improve join strength

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22
Q

When are control run seals (pressure sales) used?

A

When cables/rods move through pressure bulkheads, to prevent air pressure loss

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23
Q

As well as flying control run sealing, what else needs to be pressure sealed?

A

Wires and cables

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24
Q

What two types of seals are used in main entry doors?

A

. Flap type mechanical seals
. Diaphram seals

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25
Q

How does a flap type seal work?

A

Attached around the door when door closed and latched, the seal contacts the fuselage frame and forms a pressure and weather seal

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26
Q

How does the diaphram seal work?

A

Seal is attached on inside of upper and lower gate hinges
The seals flex when gates open/ close

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27
Q

When are seat tracks known as?

A

L track or ltrack

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28
Q

Why do seat tracks enable moving the seats?

A

To provide adjustable legroom depending on the airline

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29
Q

What does ULD stand for?

A

Unit load device

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30
Q

What is a unit load device?

A

A pallet/container used to load luggage so can be bundled into a single unit

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31
Q

What does ARO stand for?

A

Anti roll out device

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32
Q

Why do we have AROs?

A

It automatically retracts when hit by an ULD

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33
Q

What are the 5 types of doors?

A

. Main energy doors
. Service doors
. Cockpit doors
. Cargo doors
. Emergency doors

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34
Q

Is the left or right hand doors used for passenger doors?

A

Left = passenger doors
Right = service doors for galleys etc

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35
Q

How are the main energy doors numbered?

A

From nose to tail

One left, two left
One right, two right

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36
Q

How many over- wing emergency hatches are there on each side of the aircraft?

A

1 or 2
Size depending

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37
Q

On a passenger door what does the lower lining cover/ house.

A

Covers - the escape slide and survivable kit
Houses - pressure gauge window

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38
Q

What does the centre lining of the door incorporate?

A

The window, assist handle, access cover and interior handle

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39
Q

What are the different selector lever modes for airbus and Boeing?

A

Boeing = park and flight
Airbus = manual and automatic

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40
Q

When the cabin is pressurised and door is closed what holds the door there?

A

Pressure stop pin and fitting

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41
Q

On a type 1 door locking mechanism, if the emergency system is auto deactivated when exterior handle is pull in which direction?

A

Pulled outward

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42
Q

What does the overhead hatch door provide?

A

An emergency exit for flighty crew from cockpit

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43
Q

When the mode selector level is in automatic or flight position what does it mean?

A

It’s in an armed position

44
Q

When mode selector level is in manual or park position, what does it mean?

A

System not armed, slide doesn’t inflate/ deploy

45
Q

What is the lock out mechanism?

A

Prevent the door changing from manual or automatic when doors is open

46
Q

What is the emergency slide connected by?

A

By a girt and girt bar

47
Q

Where is the slide and girt bar?

A

Inside the door lower lining

48
Q

What gas is emergency power reservoir pressurised by?

A

Nitrogen

49
Q

When must you remove the emergency power reservoir?

A

After it has been used or if pressure is low

50
Q

What is the most common type of over wing hatch called?

A

Plug door

51
Q

How does a plug door mechanism works?

A

The hatch is larger than the out aperture it fills and once the locking mechanism is realised the hatch Is lifted inboard then stowed or turned sideways.

52
Q

A cockpit door that is resist to small penetration and able to be locked is fitted on what aircraft?

A

Passenger carrying aircraft that weights more than 45500kg or greater seat capacity of 60 people

53
Q

What is the main material of a cockpit door?

A

Kevlar

54
Q

What does the cockpit door consist of?

A

Lower part =decompression and evacuation flap

A lock for when aircraft is powered up

A spy hole

55
Q

How does the bulk cargo door open?

A

Opens inward and operated manually

56
Q

What is the purpose of the master lock mechanism?

A

A safety mechanism that locks the master latch in position

57
Q

Before you open the cargo door what must you ensure?

A

The power light on the panel is illuminated

58
Q

What colour does the light illuminated when the cargo door is fully opened?

A

Green

59
Q

To use a hand pump in a cargo system to pressurise the system, what does the selector lever must be in?

A

Manual mode

60
Q

What do all windows allow?

A

Maximum visibility for passengers and crew, as well as holding cabin pressure

61
Q

What does the flight deck give additional protection over?

A

Bird impact and ice build up

62
Q

What are the two fwd flight deck windows known as?

A

Flight deck windscreen

63
Q

What glass is found on the outer side of the flight deck windscreen?

A

Thermally strengthened glass

64
Q

What are the two inner layers of flight deck windscreen made of?

A

Special acrylic glass

65
Q

What are all the .Ayers of flight deck windscreen bonded together by?

A

Polyurethane
(Special plastic)

66
Q

How are the sliding windows installed ?

A

From the inside of flight deck
And move on rails

67
Q

How are the fixed windscreens installed

A

Externally

68
Q

The passenger windows have two panes of special acrylic glass with a small hole in the middle of the inner pane, why?

A

That pressure between the panes is the same as cabin pressure

69
Q

What are the 3 main areas of the wing structure?

A

. Centre wing box
. Left wing box
. Right wing box

70
Q

The skin panels form the exterior surface of the wing, what are they reinforced by?

A

Stringers on the inner surface of the skin

71
Q

What load does the lower wing skin mainly carry?

A

Tension loads

72
Q

What loads does the upper wing skin mainly carry?

A

Compression loads

73
Q

How are spars connected to the skin panels?

A

By bolts and rivets

74
Q

Explains ribs in a wing?

A

They lie diagonally and are able to carry torsion, compression and shear loads.
Also give shape to allow wing to be able to provide walls for fuel tanks

75
Q

What is the nose cap of the leading edge normally made from?

A

Aluminium alloy, with the rest being made from composite

76
Q

What does the centre wing box do?

A

Distributes different loads to the fuselage and can house fuel

77
Q

What does the empennage consist of?

A

. Vertical stab
. Horizontal stab
. Dorsal fin
. Rudders
. Elevators
. Tail section/ cone

78
Q

Is the empennage pressurised?

A

No it is unpressurised

79
Q

Explain the tail cone

A

It is a removable unit which has a compartment for the APU

80
Q

What is the purpose of the horizontal stabiliser?

A

Pitch trim control

81
Q

How can the horizontal stabiliser be constructed?

A

1 or 3 piece structure

82
Q

What joins the vertical stabiliser to the fuselage smoothly?

A

The dorsal fin

83
Q

Where is the vertical stabiliser located (fin)?

A

At the top of the tail section

84
Q

What do the rudders provide?

A

Directional control

85
Q

How is the rudder attached to the vertical stabiliser?

A

Attached to the trailing edge of the fixed vertical stabiliser

86
Q

What is the purpose of hinges for flight control surfaces?

A

Connect the flight control surfaces to the adjacent structure

87
Q

What are the two types of hinges?

A

. Primary/ master = (stable position, has extra but in picture)
. Normal = (side ways, is missing the extra bit)

88
Q

How can surface flutter be prevented on control surfaces?

A

. Hydraulically powered
. Static balancing in mechanical controlled

89
Q

What is the process of static balancing?

A

Weights are fitted in front of the hinge line to off set the mass behind the hinge line

90
Q

Before the elevators can be in the 0 position, what needs to happen?

A

The movable stabiliser must be in the 0 position

91
Q

When work is in process on the surfaces or actuators what needs to be done?

A

Warning signs

92
Q

When flight control surfaces are repaired what needs to happen?

A

Static balancing

93
Q

What is the pylon assembly divided into?

A

. Primary structure
. Secondary structure

94
Q

How many areas is the torque box attached to on the wing?

A

3 areas on the wing
2 fwd and 1 aft

95
Q

What is the purpose of the pylon?

A

To attach the engine to the airframe/ wing

96
Q

How many attachment points does the pylon have to the wing?

A

3

97
Q

The fan cowl support beam extends forward of what?

A

The torque box

98
Q

What assembly does the torque box belong to?

A

Primary structure

99
Q

What is the torque box made up of?

A

Spars, ribs, stiffners and side panels

100
Q

What is another name for the pylon?

A

The strut

101
Q

How is the engine equipped til the pylon?

A

By fwd and aft engine mounts

102
Q

How many bolts attaches the fwd engine mount to the pylon?

A

4 bolts

103
Q

The construction of the fwd engine mount is also….?

A

Fail safe

104
Q

What is the purpose of a nacelle?

A

A streamlined pod/ encloser to house the engine and its components

105
Q

How do you protect vunereble parts of aircraft structure form heat from the gas engine turbine?

A

Firewalls

M11 (41 decks)

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