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A Level Geog: C,T,W+C,En > 1.1.10: Human activity and management on coasts > Flashcards

1.1.10: Human activity and management on coasts Flashcards

1
Q

Positive impacts of coastal processes on human activity

6

A 
Recreation and tourism
residential
job opportunities
agriculture
industry
transportation
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2
Q

Agriculture in coastal areas

example

A

Can drain tidal mud flats to use for farming

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3
Q

Industry in coastal areas

example

A

Rias provide deep water ports needed for importing material

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4
Q

Transportation in coastal areas

example

A

Rias allow deep water vessels to travel inland and flat marine terraces above sea level are ideal for rail and road communications

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5
Q

Reasons tourists attracted to coastal areas

4

A

natural features
deep water ports have cruise ships
rebranding and marketing by coastal resorts
to visit places from tv or films

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6
Q

Negative environmental impacts of tourism in coastal areas

3

A

footpath erosion
damage to ecosystems
unsustainable demand for water

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7
Q

Negative social and economic impacts of tourism on coastal areas
6

A

infrastructure overload
commercialisation of local culture
increase in second home owners
vulnerability of reliance on 1 economic activity
closing of facilities out of season
many of the jobs are seasonal and low- paid

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8
Q

Positive social and economic impacts of tourism on coastal areas
2

A

local people earn a living through providing services for tourists
multiplier effect

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9
Q

Negative impacts of coastal processes on human activity

6

A 
rapid mass movement events
coastal erosion
loss of beach sediment
erosion of vulnerable ecosystems
sea-level rise
increase in sediment input
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10
Q

Management strategies

5

A 
do nothing
managed retreat/ realignment 
hold the line
advance the line
limited intervention
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11
Q

Management strategy

do nothing

A

Allows natural processes such as coastal erosion to continue

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12
Q

Management strategy

Managed retreat/ realignment

A

Allows the shoreline to move inland by erosion or flooding to a new line of defence

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13
Q

Management strategy

Hold the line

A

The present shoreline is protected by a variety of hard and soft engineering

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14
Q

Management strategy

Advance the line

A

The shoreline is moved seawards either using hard engineering structures or by encouraging sand dune growth

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15
Q

Management strategy

Limited intervention and examples

A

Deals with the problem to some extent

eg: encouraging growth of salt marshes or sand dunes or raising buildings

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16
Q

Choice of management strategy depends on these factors

4

A

Feasibility
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
Environmental impact analysis (EIA)
Risk assessment

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17
Q

Feasibility

and example

A

Considers the technical aspects

for example: is an engineering solution possible given marine processes and factors such as geology?

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18
Q

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)

A

Divides the value of the benefits by costs and benefits should outweigh the costs for a strategy to be adopted

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19
Q

Environmental impact analysis (EIA)

A

Considers the effects on the environment on the immediate area and down the coast

20
Q

Risk assessment

and example

A

Weighs up the value of what is at risk against management strategy
eg: Considers factors such as recurrence intervals of storms and the strategy to prevent and how long it should last

21
Q

Examples of hard engineering

8

A 
sea walls
rock armour
revetments
gabions
groynes
drainage
offshore bars
rock bund
22
Q

Sea walls

A

Concrete structures at the cliff foot absorb wave energy

23
Q

Rock armour

A

Large rocks placed to absorb wave energy

24
Q

Revetments

A

Wooden or concrete structures that absorb wave energy while allowing some flow of sediment

25
Q

Gabion cages

A

Steel cages filled with small rocks to add strength to a coastline

26
Q

Groynes

A

Wooden structures jutting into the sea to trap longshore drift

27
Q

Drainage

A

drains in cliffs to remove water and thus prevent land slips

28
Q

Offshore bars

A

islands of boulders offshore to absorb the force of the wave before they reach land

29
Q

Rock bund

A

A row of rocks along a beach

30
Q

Examples of soft engineering techniques

6

A 
beach replenishment
beach reprofiling
beach recycling
fencing/hedging
replanting vegetation
cliff profiling
31
Q

Beach replenishment

A

Sand or shingle is added, extending the beach or replacing eroded material

32
Q

Shingle

A

pebbles/cobbles

33
Q

Beach reprofiling

A

beach shape is changed to absorb more energy, reducing erosion

34
Q

Beach recycling

A

sediment is moved along the beach to counteract longshore drift

35
Q

Fencing/hedging

A

Preserves beach or dunes by reducing the amount of sand blown away

36
Q

Replanting vegetation

A

planting grasses or salt-resistant plants to stabilise areas, reducing erosion

37
Q

Cliff profiling

A

Reducing the cliff angle, making the cliffs more stable

38
Q

Conservation strategies

3

A

Wold heritage sites
National marine reserves
Sites of special scientific interest

39
Q

Offshore dredging

A

the extraction of sand and gravel from the seabed for use in construction, especially of sea defences

40
Q

Offshore dredging negative effects

2

A

destruction of seabed habitats and marine food webs

changes to wave types and sediment flows, resulting in changes to beach profile

41
Q

Human impacts on sand dune environments

4

A

conversion
removal
overuse
external factors

42
Q

Conversion of sand dunes

A

The dune area is used for urbanisation or activities such as golf courses. Natural vegetation is altered or removed, changing the dune environment

43
Q

Removal of sand dunes

A

Sand is removed for another use which allows further erosion by the wind

44
Q

Overuse of sand dunes

A

Used as an amenity for recreation activities, tourism or as military training areas. Overuse results in vegetation removal, increasing the rate of wind erosion

45
Q

External factors affecting sand dunes

A

Human activity in another part of the coast affects the dune system
eg: the building of defences reduces sediment input to the dunes

46
Q

Management of sand dunes

3

A

complete reconstruction
restoration by revegetation and fencing
removal of external factors

47
Q

Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM)

A

Form of sustainable management which tires to balance environmental, social, economic, cultural and recreational needs within the limits controlled by natural factors

A Level Geog: C,T,W+C,En (36 decks)

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