1.10 - Manilla Has Fallen

Question 1

Philippines

Answer 1

3rd in World Risk Index
8 out of 10 most at risk cities in Philippines
Multiple Hazard Zone

Question 2

Exposure to hazards

Answer 2

74% population exposed to 2 or more hazards

555 major hazard event (1960-2015)

Question 3

Locational context

Answer 3

Multiple plate boundary (Ring of Fire) - 2 destructive joined by conservative
37 volcanoes (18 active)
12 destructive EQs in last 40 yrs
Pacific Ocean - tsunami prone

Question 4

Hydro meteorological context

Answer 4

SE Asia’s typhoon belt
20 typhoons - 7-10 destructive
High storm surges - floods - landslides
Periodic drought

Question 5

Development context

Answer 5

Developing - low middle income - high population (101mil - 1.72% growth rate per year)
High urbanisation - informal settlements - high pop density
25% in poverty, 50% rural in poverty - dependent on agriculture
Deforestation + corruption

Question 6

Physical process interactions

Answer 6

Tectonic events leave steep slopes, rugged land, poor vegetation
Heavy rainfall (typhoons) saturate soil - landslides
Lahars - heavy rain mixed with volcanic ash
volcanic eruptions - release water plume - static charge makes thunderstorm

Question 7

1991: Mt Pinatubo + Typhoon Yunya

Answer 7

2nd largest eruption of 20th cent. (VEI 6) - pyroclastic flows + volcanic ash spread 100s of miles
Aerosols + dust into stratosphere made sulphuric acid haze - sunlight down 10% and global temp down 0.4oC
Typhoon Yunya (120mph) - rain mixed with ash to make lahars
847 dead, 73000 houses destroyed, $211mil impact

Question 8

2006: Mt Mayon + Typhoon Durian

Answer 8

Frequent stratovolcano - 50 eruptions in past 500 yrs — high tourism since perfect come shape
Typhoon brought rain (457mm) - flooding in Legazpi City
Rain mixed with ash to make mudflows + lahars - buried farms and villages (killed>1250)