11. Explanations For Forgetting: Retrieval Failure AO1 Flashcards
What can cause retrieval failure
Lack/absence of cues
Explain what is meant by the term ‘cue’
When information is initially placed in memory, it’s associated cues are stored at the same time
What happens if cues aren’t available at the time of recall
May not be able to access memories that are actually their
What did Tulving suggest
Cues help retrieval if the same cues are present at encoding and retrieval
What does the encoding specificity principle suggest
Closer the retrieval cue to the original cite the better the cue works
What do some cue have that others don’t
Some cues have meaning linked to the memory - they’re linked to the material-to-be-remembered in a meaningful way - e.g. Memory may cause recollection of a fact about memory
What are the two types of forgetting
- Context-dependent forgetting
- State-dependent forgetting
What may cause people to forget memories
Cues are also encoded at the time of leaning but not in a meaningful way
Explain context-depended forgetting
When memory retrieval is dependent on an external/environmental cue (e.g. A place)
Explain state-depended the forgetting
When memory retrieval, is dependent on an internal cue, state of mind (e.g. Being drunk)
Who studied context-dependent forgetting
Golden and Baddeley
What were the cues in Godden and Baddeley’s research
The contexts where learning and recall took place - e.g. On land or in water
What was Goddens procedure
Deep-sea divers learned word lists and were asked to recall them later.
What were the four groups Godden and Baddeley used
Group 1: Learn on land - Recall on land
Group 2: Learn on land - Recall underwater
Group 3: Learn Underwater - Recall on land
Group 4: Learn Underwater - Recall underwater
What did Godden find when the two environments did not match
Accurate recall was 40% lower than when they did match
